朝鲜朝后期实学家的朱子学研究

A Study of Pragmatists' Zhuxi Learning in Late Joseon

朝鲜朝后期即倭乱、胡乱以降,朝鲜实学两大学派的代表人物李瀷（1681~1763）与洪大容（1731~1783）的朱子学研究中存在两种互相纠缠的思想性格,即一方面作为朱子学者在思想上普遍拥有强烈的正统意识,因而其思想本质对于异端思想采取的是非容忍的态度,然而另一方面,他们却又积极地研究来自西方的异端思想,并将其研究成果融入朱子学体系当中。事实上,在作为朱子学相对化的结果而出现的朝鲜实学的形成过程中,西学起到了决定性的作用。李瀷基于亚里士多德以来的三魂论以及脑为知觉中枢的西欧医学理论,改变了退溪＂四端七情＂等论述,并试图寻求朱子学与西学理论在所有命题中都能无矛盾的统一。洪大容则基于大地为球形的地圆说以及地球不过是无数世界之一的第谷·布拉赫宇宙体系,对于中国中心乃至地球中心的朱子学世界观提出质疑,并以此为根据发展出价值相对主义的思想。朝鲜朝后期实学家的朱子学相对化,正可说明由于西学东渐而发生了18世纪东亚的宏大宇宙观的转换与变化。

In the aftermath of Japan and Qing invasion in the late Joseon Kingdom,two kinds of thought in the Zhuxi learning with the two representatives of Joseon pragmatists Yi Ik（ 1681- 1763） and Hong Dae-yong（ 1731- 1783）intertwined with each other. On the one hand,the ＂Zhuxians＂were usually characterized by their intense sense of orthodox ideology and being intolerant toward heresies. On the other hand,they actively studied the heresies from the West and incorporated them into the system of Zhuxi learning. In fact,the West learning played a crucial role in the formation of Joseon pragmatism. Yi Ik changed the narration of ＂four sprouts and seven kinds of feelings＂via both the Aristotelian tripartite division of the soul and the European medical doctrine which took the brain as the thinking organ.He also tried to combine all the doctrines of Zhu Xi and the Western theories consistently. Based on the doctrine of the earth being round and the Tycho system of the cosmos,Hong Dae-yong challenged the China-centered or earthcentered Zhuxian doctrines and developed his relativist theory of value. The relativization of late Joseon pragmatists revealed the changes in cosmology due to the 18 thcentury Western expansion of knowledge into the East.