烟花爆竹燃放对北京市空气质量的影响研究

Study on the Effect of Burning of Fireworks on Air Quality in Beijing

结合常规污染物浓度和PM_(2.5)化学组分浓度,分析了2015年春节期间烟花爆竹燃放对北京市空气质量的影响。结果表明:烟花爆竹燃放会在短时间内造成严重的大气污染,其中对SO2、PM_(2.5)和PM10的影响最为显著。除夕夜间良乡、官园和怀柔3个监测站点的PM_(2.5)质量浓度峰值分别达730.5、343.4、762.2μg/m^3,为2月17—25日和3月4—8日(观测期间)平均值的5.2、3.1、7.1倍。烟花爆竹燃放对PM_(2.5)组分中的SO_4^(2-)、K+和Cl-的影响最为显著,除夕夜间监测中心点位的SO_4^(2-)、K^+和Cl^-质量浓度峰值分别达92.2、95.6、57.4μg/m^3,为观测期间平均值的4.5、10.5、6.8倍。烟花爆竹燃放产生的气态前体物和NO_3^-、SO_4^(2-)、NH+4、OC等PM_(2.5)二次化学组分在不利的气象条件下会发生化学反应和物理积累,造成PM_(2.5)浓度升高,产生持续性的大气污染。根据各污染物与NH+4的质量浓度比推算得出,除夕、"破五"和元宵节3个时段烟花爆竹燃放对K^+、Cl^-、SO_4^(2-)、SO_2和PM_(2.5)浓度的平均贡献率分别为78.4%、61.1%、37.4%、38.7%和30.1%。

Concentrations of air pollutants and chemical components of PM2.5 were applied to analyze the effect of burning of fireworks on air quality in Beijing in the Spring Festival of 2015. The results showed that burning of fireworks caused serious air pollution in a short time and had a significant impact on SO2 , PM25 and PM2.0. Concentration of the peak of PM2 5 in Liangxiaug, Guanyuan and Huairou sites reached 730. 5, 343.4, 762.2 μg/m3 in the New Year＇s Eve, respectively, which was 5, 2, 3. 1, 7. 1 times of the average concentration during 17-25 February and 4-8 March （the observation period） , respectively. Burning of fireworks also had a significant impact on SO42- , K＋ , Cl- in PM2.5. Concentration of the peak of SOl- , K＋ and Cl- in PM2.5 in Beijing Municipal Environmental Monitoring Center reached 92.2, 95.6 and 57.4 p,g/m3 , respectively, which was 4. 5, 10. 5, 6.8 times of the average concentration in the observation period, respectively. After the burning of fireworks, gaseous precursors and secondary chemical compositions of PM2.5 （NO3-, SOl-, NH4 and OC ） accumulated and reacted chemically under unfavorable meteorological conditions, which led to the increase of PM2.5 concentrations and persistent air pollutions. The average contribution of burning of fireworks to K ＋ , Cl- , SO4 2- , SO2 and PM2.5 in New Year＇s Eve, the fifth of the first lunar month and the Lantern Festival was 78.4% , 61.1% , 37.4% , 38.7% and 30. 1% , respectively, calculated by the concentration ratios of air pollutants and NH4＋.