学生权利在学校中的实现状况调查研究——基于赛亚·伯林两种自由观的分析框架

An Investigationon the Implement of Students' Rights in School——Based on Isiah Berlin's Framework of "Two Concepts of liberty"

现代公民理性权利意识的养成,需要良好的日常生活土壤。考察学生权利在学校生活中实现的实际状况对于因材施教、因地制宜开展公民权利意识的培育十分关键。本研究主要根据赛亚·柏林的两种自由观,将学生的权利区分消极权利和积极权利两种类型,分别从权利主体、权利内容和权利运行三个方面设计了针对中国内地中学生的调查问卷。从数据统计的结果来看,学生作为权利主体在面对学校权力的代表——德育处时,主要是一种消极负面的情绪情感体验,这实际上表明学生作为权利主体的消极权利并未得到学校的有效保护。作为消极权利代表的学生隐私权和个性发展权都不同程度地受到学校权力的损害。而在以关心和参与班级事务为代表的积极权利的实现上,学生自觉追求的主动性并不高。学生会作为学生权利运行的重要组织,实质上是受到学校权力的高度控制。研究认为,学生权利主体地位的缺位是都导致学生权利在学校中得不到有效落实的根本原因,应试教育则成为直接影响学生权利实现程度的重要因素,而由于学校权利意识教育的不足所导致的学生权利意识的缺乏则是制约学生主动追求自我权利实现的内在观念障碍。破除这些困境的必由之路是建立一个更加民主、法制的现代公民社会。

The formation of modern citizens＇ consciousness of rational rights needs favorable daily condition. In order to cultivate citizens＇ rights consciousness in accordance with their aptitude and adapting to local conditions, it is significant to investigate the current situation of students＇ rights in school life. Based on ＂Two Views of Freedom＂ proposed by Isaiah Berlin, this research distinguishes students＇ rights into negative and positive rights. The investigation on Chinese mainland middle school students＇ rights consciousness was conducted by the use of questionnaires, including three aspects： the subjectof right, the content of right and the operation of right. The main findings are as following：l. Students do not get the pragmatic protection and realization of their negative rights when facing the school authority. 2. nei- ther the negative rights represented by privacy right , nor the positive rights represented by the right to know and the participation right, has an ideal realization degree. 3. student organizations have manage- ment, service and educational functions in protecting students＇ rights. This study argues that the absence of students＇ status as the subjects of rights is the fundamental cause of the ineffective implement of students~ rights in school life. The exam-oriented education is one significant factor to directly affect the realization degree of students~ rights. The lack of students~ right consciousness resulted by the insuffi- cient school right consciousness education leads to the inner obstacle which restricts students to pursue the realization of self-rights actively. Only by establishing a modern civil society with more democratic and legal elements can it eliminate these difficulties.