张家川马家塬战国墓地M21墓葬中铁器表面纺织残留物的鉴定

The identification of textile residues on iron objects excavated from the Majiayuan site

马家塬战国墓地是研究西戎文化以及秦戎文化交流的重要考古遗址。在M21墓葬发现了一些附着于铁器表面的矿化纺织品残片。这些矿物外壳保留了比较完整的纺织品形态,是研究早期纺织技术的宝贵资料。为此,本研究采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术(HPLC-MS)对矿物纺织品残片的纤维原料进行了鉴定与分析:1)矿物外壳内部的纤维空洞结构形态与桑蚕丝的纤维形态特征相同;2)样品中检出了3组蚕丝蛋白的特征多肽片段。研究结果表明,M21墓葬中的纺织品残片的原料为蚕丝纤维(Bombyx mori)。丝绸的发现表明中原的丝绸成品或者纤维原料已经进入西戎地区,西戎与中原文明的交流更加密切。使用丝绸包裹铁器则表明西戎文化已经受到了一些中原风俗的影响。这一发现填补了马家塬遗址中纺织品研究的空白,不仅为研究秦戎地区的织造工艺和文化交流提供了重要资料,也为矿化纺织遗存中的桑蚕丝残留的鉴定提供了技术支持。

The Warring States tombs in the Majiayuan site are very important with regard to the study of the Chion- ite culture and the cultural exchange between the Qin and the Chionites. Some extremely mineralized silk textile fragments with intact fiber shapes were found on the surface of iron objects in the tomb M21 in the Majiayuan site. These mineralized crusts provide valuable information for studying the early silk weaving technology. In this study scanning electron microscope （SEM） and high performance liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry （ HPLC - MS） was used to analyze the mineralized textile fragments. It is found that 1 ） the morphology of hollow in the min- eralized textile was similar to that of a silk fiber, and 2） three groups of peptides characteristic of silk protein. The results demonstrated that the raw materials of the mineralized textile fragments in tomb M21 were silk fibers （from Bombyxmori）. The excavation of silk at the MajiayuanSite suggests that the silk products or silk fibers had entered the Chionite regions and that the exchanges between the Chionite culture and Zhongyuan （inner land） culture were close. The use of silk to decorate or wrap iron objects indicates that the Chionite culture has been influenced by some Zhongyuan customs. This finding not only fills gaps in knowledge of the textile research at the Majiyuan site, but also provides technical support for the analysis mineralized silk textile relics.