“特别法人”问题追问--以《民法总则(草案)》(三次审议稿)为研究对象

Questioning to“Special Legal Person”:Focusing on General Principles of Civil Code(Draft)(3rd Version)

"特别法人"是《民法总则(草案)》(三次审议稿)最引人注目的内容。"特别法人"不是一个内涵和外延确定的科学法律概念,其立法设计缺乏体系科学性。农村集体经济组织、合作经济组织不宜统一确定为法人,居民委员会、村民委员会法人化也存在诸多问题。新增四类特别法人不仅本身缺乏系统科学性,而且也无法从根本上弥补营利法人与非营利法人分类的缺陷与不足。应当反思营利法人与非营利法人的分类模式,采用更为科学的分类方法构建我国民法典的法人分类体系:首先是公法人与私法人;私法人的基本分类是社团法人和财团法人,社团法人可以再区分为营利法人与非营利法人。

＂Special legal person＂ is the most remarkable content of General Principles of Civil Code （Draft）（3rd Version）. ＂Special legal person＂is not a scientific legal concept with certain connota- tion and denotation,whose legislative design lacks systematicscientificity. The rural collective econom- ic organizations and cooperative economic organizations should not be unified as legal persons,and the incorporationof residents committees and villagers committees also has many problems. The addition of four kind of ＂special legal person＂ not merely lacks systematic scientificity itself, but also cannot fundamentally make up the defects of the classification scheme of legal persons into profit legal person and nonprofit legal person.We should rethink the classification of profit legal person and nonprofit le- gal person, and adopt a more scientific classification scheme to construct the classification system of legal persons of civil code in China： Legal person firstly may be classified into public and private legal person; with private legal person being subclassified into corporation aggregates and incorporated foun- dations, and the corporation aggregates subclassified into profit and nonprofit legal person.