Theory and Practice of Controlling and Extinguishing Pine Wilt Disease

松材线虫病控制与扑灭的理论与实践（英文）

[Objective] This study was aimed to review the controlling experience of pine wilt disease in the past 25 years, explore the theories and methods of controlling pine wilt disease, and improve the scientific level of controlling techniques and the protection capacity of healthy pine trees. [Method] Eleven items of effects were used to refine the theory of clearing dead pine trees affected by pine wilt disease, namely, ＂1 priority＂, ＂2 objections＂, ＂3 principles＂, ＂4 measures＂, and ＂5 manage- ments＂. On the basis of comprehensive control and complete removal of the infect- ed pine trees, a variety of comprehensive and efficient controlling methods were developed to carry out targeted chemical ecology trapping, bionic pesticide killing and releasing natural enemies of Sclerodermus guani, Dastarcus helophoroides. High ef- ficient emamectin benzoate immune injection was developed to inject the healthy pine trees for prevention, so as to extinguish the pine wilt disease. [Result] The pine wilt disease dropped from the peak of 3.5 million dead trees with an infecting area of 28 273 hectares in 1999 to 0.068 million with an area of 4 333 hectares in 2012 gradually, reducing by 98.06% in number and 84.84% in area, respectively. On the basis of removal, Dastarcus helophoroides was also released, which could make the number of dead pines decrease more significantly than the control, and af- ter releasing for 5 consecutive years, the dead pine trees dropped to 0.511 plant/hm2 in 2012, with a mortality rate of 0.022 7%, which achieved the control effect, reaching extremely significant level. ＂Forest land removal＋infected trees isolation＋natural enemy release＂ could extinguish the pine wilt disease. The test of isolating 24 heaps of infected pine trees showed that there were 9 heaps of pine trees extinguished the pine wilt disease, which controlled the occurrence of pine wilt disease for 100%, accounting for 37.5% of the total, in which the number of those isolated using iron netting and nylon net were 4 for each, accounting for 88.9%, and there was one heap using polypropylene net, accounting for 11.1%. The invention of em- amectin benzoate immune injection laid the foundation for extinguishing pine wilt disease. The follow checking of the effects of emamectin benzoate immune injection on pine wilt disease found that the number of dead trees caused by pine wilt dis- ease decreased significantly after injecting, and became very small in October of the next year, and the disease was completely extinguished in the third year. [Conclusionl Pine wilt disease could be controlled and extinguished with positive control by using ＂comprehensive cleaning＋industrialized removal＂, ＂comprehensive cleaning＋ natural enemy release＂, ＂comprehensive cleaning＋infected trees isolation＋natural ene- my release＂ and ＂comprehensive cleaning＋emamectin benzoate immune＂.

[目的]回顾25年松材线虫病发生防治经历,探索松材线虫病防控理论与方法,提高防控科学技术水平与健康松树保护能力。[方法]用"双松效应"和"分担效应"等11项效应,提炼"1优先"、"2反对"、"3原则"、"4措施"、"5管理"松材线虫病死树清除理论,在全面清理与彻底除害松疫木的基础上,开发多种简便有效的综合防治方法,对带疫松褐天牛作针对性的化学生态诱杀、仿生农药扑杀和释放天敌昆虫管氏肿腿蜂、花绒寄甲寄生或捕杀;开发高效甲维盐免疫针剂对健康松树注射预防,扑灭松材线虫病危害。[结果]松材线虫病从1999年28 273公顷350万株病死树的高峰期,逐年下降到2012年的4 333公顷6.8万株病树最低期,分别下降87.84%与98.06%;在清理基础上,同时施放花绒寄甲,能使枯死松材数量比对照大幅度下降,连续施放5年,松林平枯死量到2012年降到0.511株/hm^(-2),枯死率为0.022 7%,达到控制效果,达极显著水平;林地清理+疫木隔离+天敌释放,能达到扑灭松材线虫病。24堆松疫木隔离试验结果:扑灭松材线虫病,即100%遏制松材线虫病发生的,有9堆,占37.5%,其中铁丝网、尼龙网各4堆,占88.9%,编织袋1堆,占11.1%;甲维盐免疫针剂的发明为扑灭松材线虫病奠定了基础。2008年和2009年对北仑区甲维盐注射扑灭松材线虫病的效果作跟踪检查,发现注射当年的松材线虫病死树大幅减少;次年10月接近扑灭,第三年彻底扑灭了松材线虫病。[结论]松材线虫病只要积极防治,采用"全面清理+工业化化除害","全面清理+天敌昆虫","全面清理+疫木隔离+天敌昆虫","全面清理+甲维盐免疫",完全有可能达到控制与扑灭目标。