论中国《反不正当竞争法》的结构性问题——兼评2018年新修订《反不正当竞争法》

The Structural Problem of the Chinese Unfair Competition Law——Comments on the New Anti-Unfair Competition Law 2018

成文反不正当竞争法的禁止性评价体系由"立法目的——调整进路——责任要件"搭建起来。立法目的决定了该法的保护对象、规制行为对象、行为评价标准和诉权主体。如何规制市场主体的竞争行为,又取决于反不正当竞争法的调整进路,即通过界定具体竞争行为,处理和其他法律的竞合问题,并以一般条款的弹性保持反不正当竞争法的活力。不正当竞争行为的责任要件抽象出具体竞争行为承担法律责任所需的主观要件,对全法总结收尾。我国1993年《反不正当竞争法》并没有建立起完整的禁止性评价体系。2018年新修订《反不正当竞争法》尽管在文本的完善上取得了显著进步,但并没有解决该法的结构性问题。

The evaluation system of the codified unfair competition law is structured by ＂objective of the legislation – regulating approach – liability requirements＂. The objective of the legislation determines the subject of protection, the subject of regulation, the evaluation criteria of market behaviours and the subject of the right to sue. How to regulate concrete competition acts is further determined by the regulating approach of the unfair competition law. The conflict between the unfair competition law and other laws is regulated by the delimitation of concrete competition acts, while the flexibility of the general clause helps maintaining the dynamics of the unfair competition law. Finally, the liability requirements puts an end to the application of the unfair competition law by abstracting the subjective element of competition acts. The 1993 Anti-Unfair Competition Law has not constructed such a complete evaluation system. The new 2018 Act has not solved this structural problem, despite the significant improvements made in the text.