瑞比哲学咨询的四阶段(FITT)法分析

Peter Raabe's Four-stage Method of Philosophical Counseling

加拿大哲学家瑞比通过反省一些哲学咨询师的理论及其应用,提出了哲学咨询的四阶段法。"自由漂浮"是哲学咨询的第一阶段,哲学咨询师在此阶段鼓励来访者随意自在地说出任何想说的话语,使用苏格拉底式的"助产术"方式帮助来访者将问题浮现后,随即就进入到了"即刻问题解决"的第二阶段。哲学咨询师协助来访者找到澄清问题的解决方案,帮助他们发展出一套哲学理性的思维能力,从而能解开困扰其自身问题的症结。当来访者对即刻问题的解决获得满意时,哲学咨询师与来访者都要进入哲学咨询的第三阶段,即"有意向性的教与学"。哲学咨询师在此阶段不仅要与来访者讨论哲学问题,而且还要帮助来访者将哲学推理变成一种生活方式,从而进入哲学咨询的第四阶段,即"超越"阶段。来访者通过与哲学咨询师的多次对话后,发展出推理能力和对话技巧,学会如何超越个人目前的状况,使自己不再沉溺于过去的痛苦,建立起一套属于自我的价值体系。哲学咨询作为哲学践行的一种社会应用形式,其方法及其实践在许多国家和地区得到了推广和应用。

The Canadian philosopher Peter Raabe proposed his four-stage philosophical consulting method by reflecting on the theory and application of some philosophical consultants. "Free-floating"is the first stage of philosophical consultation. The philosophical consultants encourage visitors to freely say whatever they want to say at the first stage,and they can use the Socratic method of "midwifery"to help visitors emerge from the problem and to enter into the second stage of immediate solutions. Philosophical consultants assist visitors to find solutions to clarify problems,develop a set of philosophical and rational thinking skills,and solve the crux of problems that trouble them at this stage. When visitors are satisfied with the solution to immediate problems,the philosophical consultants and visitors are entering into the third stage namely "teaching as an intentional act". At this stage the philosophical consultants not only discuss philosophical issues with visitors,but also help visitors turn philosophical reasoning into a way of life. In the stage of transcendence,the visitors have a dialogue with philosophical consultants for many times. They develop reasoning and dialogue skills,learn how to transcend the current situation of individuals,and make themselves no longer indulge in the pain of the past,by which they establish a set of self-value system.