甘南藏区游牧民定居工程满意度研究——以夏河县为例

Satisfaction degree of herdsmen settlement project in Southern Gansu Tibetan area:A case of Xiahe County

甘南藏区的游牧民定居工程既是减轻草场压力、恢复生态的重大生态工程,又是促进牧民脱离贫困、改善聚居环境的重大民生工程,其定居点满意度研究既具有城市与乡村人居环境研究的复合性特点,又具有特殊的地域性与民族性特点。在乡村振兴战略背景下,基于使用后评价视角,采用问卷调查法,运用模糊综合评价模型对夏河县游牧民定居点人居环境满意度进行评价研究,定量认识定居工程的良好表现及其存在的问题,对进一步优化生态定居工程策略具有重要的借鉴意义,结果表明:(1)夏河县牧民定居点人居环境满意度模糊综合评价结果为比较满意,各维度评价结果差异明显,呈现出"公共基础服务设施满意度>自然环境满意度>人文环境满意度>居住环境满意度"的递减特征。(2)夏河县定居牧民对定居点选址环境、空气质量与水草源配置的满意度较高,对定居工程未能解决草场退化问题与有悖于牧民崇山敬水的佛教环境伦理观的垃圾污染问题而对其不满意。(3)夏河县定居牧民对定居后的饮食结构与亲朋邻里感比较满意,对定居后多样化的家庭收入基本满意,而对定居环境的地方心理归属感及其与原有宗教信仰、生活习俗的融合不满意。(4)夏河县定居牧民对居住环境的房屋质量与朝向非常满意,对家庭宗教空间设置基本满意,对缺少个性化、地方化和乡村化的过于统一的色调风貌与不适应民族生活习惯的现代厨卫浴设置表现为不满意。(5)夏河县定居工程保障了定居牧民日常生活照明、供水、用能的水电供应条件,教育设施缩短了学龄孩子的就学距离而提高了入学率,公共活动场所增加了体育锻炼健身和传统习俗的发展空间,定居牧民对此支撑体系的大幅提升比较满意,而对成效因素复杂的地方政府提供的技术服务培训表现为不满意。(6)甘南藏区游牧民定居点满意度兼具乡村与城市人居环境满意度的复合性,对定居工程的不满意体现了游牧民对原有乡村人居环境的留恋与传统文化信仰的坚守,而对定居工程满意则体现了对城市人居环境建设的接受与认可。

The nomadic settlement project in Southern Gansu Tibetan area,Gansu Province,China is not only a major ecological project to reduce the pressure and restore the ecology of the pasture,but also a major livelihood project to help the herdsmen to break away from poverty and to improve the inhabitation environment.The study of residents’ satisfaction has a compound characteristic between urban and rural human settlements,and also has special regional and ethnic characteristics.Under the background of Rural Revitalization Strategy,based on the perspective of post occupancy evaluation,the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model was used to evaluate the satisfaction of the nomadic settlement project in Xiahe County with the questionnaire survey data in order to understand quantitatively the performance and the existing problems,and then to optimize strategy for the future nomadic settlement project.The results show as follows:(1) the results of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation on the satisfaction of the herdsmen living environment in Xia He County are satisfactory,and the results of each dimension are obviously different,which showed a decline order list as follows:"satisfaction about public infrastructure service facilities>satisfaction about natural environment>satisfaction about human environment>satisfaction about living environment".(2) The settled herdsman in Xiahe County have higher satisfaction with the air quality and the source of the water and grass of the settlement allocation,and have dissatisfaction with the problem of the degradation of the grassland and the garbage pollution against the Buddhist environmental ethics with reverence to mountains and water.(3) The settled herdsman in Xiahe County are satisfied with the diet structure and family feeling,and the diversified family income,but not satisfied with the sense of local psychological attachment and the integration of the original religious beliefs and living customs.(4) The settled herdsmen in Xiahe County are very satisfied with the housing quality and orientation of the living environment,and are basically satisfied with the setting of the family religious space,but are dissatisfied with the modern kitchen and bathroom setting which are not adapted to national living habits,as well as the over-unified color style which are lack of the personalization,localization and rural style.(5) The settled herdsmen in Xiahe County are very satisfied with the support system of the settlement project that supply the daily living lighting,water supply,educational facilities that shortens the school distance for school-age children and increases the enrollment rate.The settled herdsmen are very satisfied with the space for physical exercise and for the development of traditional customs,but dissatisfied with the training of technical services provided by local governments with complex factors.(6) The satisfaction degree of nomadic settlement in Southern Gansu Tibetan area is a combination of the satisfaction degree of rural and urban human settlements.The dissatisfaction with the settlement project reflects nomads’ nostalgia for the original rural human settlements and their adherence to traditional cultural beliefs,while the satisfaction with the settlement project reflects their acceptance and recognition of the construction of urban human settlements.