司法鉴定机构及鉴定人被告身份及民事责任的反思与省察

Rethinking on the Identity of Judicial Appraisal Institutions and Experts as Defendants and the Civil Liabilities Thereof

司法鉴定机构及鉴定人对其提供的鉴定意见承担何种责任以及能否作为民事被告被诉在司法实践和理论上均存在分歧。对诉讼中的启动鉴定,我国采用职权主义和鉴定人回避制度;在司法鉴定管理上,实行行政登记管理制度。这些制度性安排导致了我国的司法鉴定机构及鉴定人的诉讼地位以及承担责任类型不同于国外当事人委托的专家证人或大陆法系的鉴定人。司法鉴定机构及鉴定人在职权机关委托的鉴定存在错误导致当事人受损的,可以纳入国家赔偿;对于当事人自行诉前委托的鉴定机构及鉴定人存在过错造成损害的,应当承担民事责任。

There are controversies in judicial practice and theory regarding judicial appraisal institutions and experts on what responsibility they should bear for the appraisal opinions they provide and whether they can be civil defendants.China adopts authority doctrine and expert avoidance system when starting judicial appraisal in a lawsuit and implements registration system in the administration of judicial appraisal.This system has led to the difference in litigation status and the types of responsibility between judicial appraisal institutions and experts in China and those entrusted in foreign countries.When judicial appraisal institutions and experts entrusted by the authorities have errors and cause damages to the parties concerned,the damages may be included in the state compensation.If judicial appraisal institutions and experts entrusted by the parties before litigation have fault and cause damages,they shall bear civil liability.