有机废弃物降解过程酶作用及其调控机制的研究进展

A Review on Enzymatic Degradation and Its Regulation Mechanisms for Organic Wastes

有机废弃物处置不当造成的环境污染和资源浪费已引起广泛关注,生物降解可以有效地实现有机废弃物资源化利用。微生物分泌的酶能催化生物降解的矿化和腐殖化过程,提高有机物降解率。然而,以往研究主要集中于微生物作用,对有机废弃物降解过程酶作用及其调控机制的总结很少。该文从酶学和生物化学角度出发,论述了生物酶催化降解有机质、促进腐殖质合成和削减污染物毒性等作用过程。基于酶动力学和热力学特征,从微生物、酶的固定化、理化因子和添加剂4个方面阐述酶作用的调控机制。生物酶高效、环保、可控,是有机废弃物资源化利用的重要催化剂之一。未来应加强研究酶降解的途径与分子机制、微生物-酶-有机废弃物系统的新陈代谢、激活剂对酶作用的调控、酶的固定化技术以及降解酶的生产与应用,以推动有机废弃物资源化利用的进程。

There is a growing interest on environmental pollution and loss of resources due to improper disposal of organic wastes.Biodegradation is one of the most effective methods for organic wastes recycle.Enzymes catalyze the rate-limiting steps in biodegradation and their activities are useful and effective proximate agents for the transformation and decomposition of organic wastes.Some earlier reviews have synthesized the microbial functions in biodegradation,yet enzymatic degradation and its regulation mechanisms for organic wastes are poorly known.The roles of enzymes on catalyzing biodegradation of organic matter,accelerating synthesis of humus and reducing toxicity of pollutants are summarized.Further,the regulation mechanisms of enzymatic degradation were explicitly explored including microorganisms,enzyme immobilization,physicochemical factors and additives.Enzymes are highly efficient,environmentally friendly and controllable,which play crucial roles for biodegradation of organic wastes.Finally,the need for further studies are highlighted,such as studies on(ⅰ)pathways and molecular mechanisms of enzymatic degradation,(ⅱ)metabolism of microorganism-enzyme-waste system,(ⅲ)regulation of enzymatic degradation by activators,(ⅳ)enzyme immobilization and(ⅴ)production and application of degrading enzymes.Those efforts are conducive to promote sustainable utilization of organic wastes.