论高空抛坠物侵权案件中公安机关的调查权

The Investigative Power of Public Security Organ in the Tort Caseof Throwing and Falling Object from a Height

为解决高空抛坠物侵权案件中侵权人查找难题,我国《民法典》第1254条第3款为公安机关增设了调查权。该调查权应当被定性为侵权调查权,不同于公安机关固有的治安调查权和刑事侦查权。作为我国《民法典》中的公法规范,调查权条款的正当性不仅源于理论层面的积极面向的辅助原则,更在于其对权利保障的现实意义。高空抛坠物致人损害行为的复合属性与公安机关兼具行政机关与司法机关的双重定位导致侵权调查权与治安调查权和刑事侦查权难免竞合,这对公安机关提出了新的要求。该调查权条款的适用主要产生两个法律效果:一是受害人的调查义务转移到了公安机关,前者的调查义务得以免除;二是“依法及时”和“查清责任人”的目标指向引发了调查不作为的认定问题。

In order to solve the problem of finding the infringer in a tort case of throwing and falling object from a height,Paragraph 3 of Article 1254 of the Civil Code of China grants the investigative power to the public security organ.Such investigative power should be defined as power of investigating tort issues,which is different from the inherent power of security investigation and criminal investigation enjoyed by the public security organ.As a public law norm in the civil code,the legitimacy of the investigation power clause does not only stem from the positivity-oriented auxiliary principle in theory,but also owes to its practical significance to the protection of rights.The complex nature of the act of personal injury caused by throwing and falling object from a height and the dual roles of the public security organ as an administrative organ and a judicial organ,which leads to the inevitable concurrence of the power of investigating tort issues,the power of security investigation and the power of criminal investigation and also puts forward new requirements for the public security organ.The application of the investigation power clause mainly produces two legal effects:one is that the investigation obligation is transferred to the public security organ from the victim;the other is that the objective of"finding out the responsible person""in time according to law"leads to an issue concerning the determination of the investigation omission.