从敦煌到宇治——中国净土信仰对日本庭园的影响

From Dunhuang to Uji:the Influence of Chinese Pure Land Belief on Japanese Garden

佛教传入中国后,形成了本土化的净土信仰,在这种信仰的影响下,在中国出现了敦煌净土变壁画,而日本贵族为了追求极乐往生,以中国净土变绘画为蓝本修建了净土庭园。通过比较分析敦煌石窟净土变壁画和宇治平等院净土庭园,讨论了中国净土信仰对日本净土庭园营造影响:净土庭园在思想上将庭园视为理想世界,在设计上强调建筑与园池的融合,在游览上注重远观与静观。同时,也继续探讨了净土信仰对后世日本庭园发展的影响:绘画开始作为日本庭园的造园蓝本,注重精神体验的非参与式游览方式得以创立,最终使寺院庭园成为了日本庭园的代表。

After Buddhism was introduced to China,a localized belief in Pure Land was formed.Due to the influence of this belief,Dunhuang Pure Land Murals were created in China,and the Pure Land Gardens based on the Chinese Pure Land Murals were built by the nobles in Japan to regain life in the bliss.This article discusses the influence of Chinese Pure Land Belief on Japanese Pure Land Gardens,by comparing and analyzing Dunhuang Murals and the Byodo-In Temple.In ideology,the Pure Land Garden was thought as an ideal world.In design,it emphasizes the integration of architecture and pond.In the way of sightseeing,it pays attention to far-sighted and meditation.Simultaneously,the article explores the influence of the Pure Land Belief on the development of later Japanese gardens,that is,painting began to become the model of Japanese gardens,and a non-participatory tour method which focus on spiritual experience was established.These influences eventually took the temple gardens as the representative of Japanese gardens.