我国药品犯罪的立法变迁与教义阐释——以《药品管理法》和《刑法》的最新修改为中心

The Legislative Vicissitude and Doctrinal Interpretation of Drug Crime in Our Country——With a Focus on the Latest Revision of Drug Administration Law and Criminal Law

回顾我国40多年来的药品犯罪立法历程,药品犯罪刑法规范与《药品管理法》的关系经历了“完全独立——完全从属——相对独立”的演变过程。近期药品犯罪修改着力于解决药品犯罪完全行政从属性及其弊端等问题,确立了药品犯罪相对行政从属性的特征,由此决定药品犯罪兼容自然犯和法定犯的性质。假药和劣药的认定标准是形式标准与实质标准的统一,这种二元标准可以构建“形式入罪、实质出罪”的犯罪构成体系,合理划定药品犯罪的规制范围,实现药品犯罪规范目的之纯化。生产、销售假(劣)药罪与提供假(劣)药罪的界限在于是否有偿提供,有偿提供构成前罪,无偿提供构成后罪。生产、销售劣药,涉案药品又是刑法上的伪劣产品,销售金额达到5万元以上的,可构成生产、销售伪劣产品罪。涉案药品是否属于《药品管理法》规定的假药,是区别生产、销售假药罪和妨害药品管理罪的标准。涉案药品是否属于《药品管理法》规定的劣药、是否对人体造成严重危害,是区别生产、销售劣药罪和妨害药品管理罪的标准。

Reviewing the legislative process of drug crime in China in the past 40 years,the relationship between the criminal code of drug crime and the Drug Administration Law has experienced the evolution process of“being completely independent—completely dependent—relatively independent.”The recent modification of drug crime focuses on solving the problems of complete administrative subordination of drug crime and its drawbacks,and establishes the characteristic of drug crime relative to administrative subordination,which determines the nature of drug crime compatible with natural crime and legal crime.The identification standard of fake drugs and inferior drugs is the unity of formal standard and substantive standard.This dual standard can construct the criminal constitution system of“criminal in form and criminal in substance,”reasonably delimit the regulatory scope of drug crimes,and realize the purification of the purpose of drug crime regulation.The boundary between the crime of producing and selling fake(inferior)drugs and the crime of supplying fake(inferior)drugs lies in whether the crime is provided with compensation.The former crime is provided with compensation,while the latter crime is provided without compensation.The production and sale of substandard drugs involved in the case are also fake and inferior products in the criminal law.If the sales amount reaches more than 50,000 yuan,it may constitute the crime of production and sale of fake and inferior products.Whether the drug involved belongs to the counterfeit drug stipulated in the Drug Administration Law is the standard to distinguish between the crime of producing and selling counterfeit drugs and the crime of impeding drug administration.Whether the drug involved belongs to the inferior drug stipulated in the Drug Administration Law and whether it causes serious harm to human body is the standard to distinguish between the crime of producing and selling inferior drug and the crime of impairs drug administration.