先秦“不封不树”葬仪的考古学辨析

The Archeological Analysis of Funeral Rituals of “No Seal, No Tree”

“不封不树”与“墓而不坟”的史籍记载,一直制约着墓上设施乃至丧葬礼仪研究,并对墓葬发掘理念及方法产生了直接影响。该文从考古学立场出发,把过程主义贯穿于考古发现与史籍记载矛盾现象的分析。认为“不封不树”葬仪限于三年丧期,其后则可形成“丘封之度与其树数”;而“丘封之度”的涵盖范围并不限于墓葬坟丘,也应包括屋宇类墓上建筑;史籍所谓“县封”既不限于庶人,也非悬下棺之意,可能是指丧期之内棚架封闭墓穴。这些认识既有助于深化丧葬礼仪研究,也有助于提升墓葬的发掘理念和方法。

The historical records of“no seal,no tree”and“tomb without a mound”have always restricted the study of facilities on tombs and even funeral rituals,and have a direct impact on the concepts and methods of tomb excavation.From the standpoint of archaeology,this paper applies processism to the analysis of the contradictions between archaeological discoveries and historical records.According to the analysis,the funeral rites of“no seal,no tree”are limited to the three-year mourning period,and then“the degree of mound sealing and the number of trees”can be formed;The coverage of“the degree of mound sealing”is not limited to the mound of a tomb,but should also include the buildings above tombs;The so-called“xuanfeng县封”in historical records is not limited to ordinary people,nor does it mean hanging coffins.It may refer to the shed frame enclosed tomb during the mourning period.These understandings not only help to deepen the study of funeral rituals,but also help to improve the concepts and methods of excavation of tombs.