基于科学探究素养的高考物理试题分析及启示——以近三年新课标全国卷为例

Analysis and Enlightenment of Physics Test Paper in College Entrance Examination Based on Scientific Inquiry Competency:A Case Study of National Test Paper of New Curriculum Standard in Recent Three Years

课程标准中学业质量水平是高考命题的依据,本文利用SOLO分类理论,将物理学科核心素养中科学探究素养的问题、证据、解释、交流4个要素分成了便于操作的5个水平层次,利用构建的“4×5”二维分析框架,对近三年共8套新课标全国物理卷中科学探究素养进行统计分析发现:不同要素考查频次不均衡;各要素水平层次不均衡;科学探究考查形式单一;主要考查力学和电磁学知识板块。根据所发现的问题指出,高考命题要注重对问题和交流要素的考查,丰富试题的形式和内容,符合课程标准的要求。进而提出高中物理教学要注重提升学生的问题素养;注重实验教学,培养科学探究素养;注重进阶教学,关注学生发展水平;注重主干知识,夯实基础。

In the curriculum standard,academic quality level is the proposition basis of college entrance examination.In this paper,the question,evidence,explanation,and communication elements of scientific inquiry competency in physics core competency are divided into five levels by creatively employing solo classification theory,which are easy to operate.The two-dimensional analysis framework(4 competency elements×5 competency levels) is utilized to make statistics and analysis on the scientific inquiry competency in 8 sets of national Physics test paper of new curriculum standards in recent three years.It is found that the examination frequency of different elements is uneven;the level of each element is unbalanced;the test form of scientific inquiry is single;the knowledge of mechanics and electromagnetism are mainly examined.In accordance with the problems discovered in the test paper analysis,the proposition of college entrance examination should pay attention to the examination of questions and communication elements,the enrichment of the form and content of test paper,and the compliance with curriculum standards requirements.Hence,Physics teaching should pay attention to the improvement of students’ problem competency,experimental teaching and the cultivation of scientific inquiry competency,advanced teaching and the development level of students,and the teaching of knowledge and consolidation of foundation.