美国研究生导学关系的历史沿革、表现样态及现实启示

Historical Evolution, Performing Patterns and Enlightenment of the Mentoring Relationship of American Graduate Students

美国作为研究生教育大国之一,形成了独具特色的研究生导学关系。美国研究生导学关系的历史沿革经历了三个阶段:德国师徒制研究生培养模式影响下的导学关系、专业式研究生培养模式下的导学关系和协作式研究生培养模式下的导学关系。以专业式和协作式研究生培养模式为依托,美国导师与研究生表现出合作共赢的工作关系、平等互利的心理关系、互尊互敬的伦理关系和多元互动的文化关系。美国研究生导学关系的构建过程启示我国应加强研究生师生间的对话沟通以实现其交互主体性,利用共情体验以建构心理契约关系,规范高校制度建设以保障伦理关系,完善导师制以推动建设文化关系,从而推进我国研究生教育中和谐导学关系的构建。

As a powerful country in graduate education, America has formed a unique mentoring relationship of graduate students. The historical evolution of the mentoring relationship of American graduate students has experienced three stages: the mentoring relationship under the influence of the German mentoring system, the mentoring relationship under the professional training mode and the mentoring relationship under the cooperative training mode. Based on professional and cooperative training mode of graduate students, the mentoring relationship of American graduate students shows four characteristics: cooperative working relationship, equal psychological contract, harmonious ethical relationship and multi-cultural relationship. On this basis, it is suggested that China should strengthen the communication between teachers and students to achieve the inter-subjectivity, and make use of empathy experience to construct psychological contract relationship, standardize institutional construction to guarantee ethic relationship and improve the mentoring system to promote the construction of cultural relationship, so as to promote the construction of harmonious mentoring relationship.