论范晔对东汉“党人”的编纂及评价

On Fan Ye’s Compilation and Evaluation of“Factional Partisans”(党人)in the Eastern Han Dynasty

范晔在《后汉书》中增设《党锢列传》并以之为核心对东汉的“党人”群体进行了记载。对于“党人”的编纂,范晔在《党锢列传》传首用长序、采谣谚来交代“党锢”的起因与经过,并以之提携全传,又择“三君、八俊”等核心“党人”为传主,以此展现“党锢之祸”的全貌,对于其他“党人”,则以类(德性)相从进行合传。范晔对东汉“党人”的这种编纂方式使其在《后汉书》中形成了以《党锢》为核心的“党人传”记载结构,在这个结构中,“党事”始末之主次线索清晰,“党锢”人物之行事编排严密,东汉后期之历史发展面貌丰富。同时,在相关传记中范晔又以大量史论表达了他对东汉“党锢之祸”影响东汉历史走向,以及东汉“党人”出处进退及其精神的看法。范晔对东汉党锢事件及人物的记载,最能体现他的历史编纂水平。

Ancient Chinese historian Fan Ye,compiler of the historical text Book of the Later Han(后汉书),documented specifically the community of“factional partisans”(党人)in Volume 67 titled Biographies of Partisan Prohibitions(党锢列传).At the beginning of this volume,Fan Ye presented an overview of the causes and development of factionalism and partisan prohibitions in the Eastern Han Dynasty(25-220 A.D.)in the introductory preface and through a few references to folktales,lyric songs,and popular proverbs.When it came to characterization of the“factional partisans”,Fan Ye focused on“three paragons of virtue”and“eight men of outstanding character”in a bid to unveil a panoramic view of the so-called“Disasters of the Partisan Prohibitions”(党锢之祸)in the Eastern Han Dynasty.With regard to other“partisans”,Fan Ye attempted a unified approach to classification and interpretation of factional partisans based on their shared noble qualities.The way Fan Ye compiled the factional partisans in the Eastern Han Dynasty helped establish a unique documentation paradigm that featured collective biographies of factional partisans and was centered upon“partisan prohibitions”.In this paradigm,the nuts and bolts surrounding factional partisanship were clear-cut,the biographical arrangement of factional figures rigorous,and the description of historical events in the Eastern Han Dynasty panoramic.Meanwhile,in related biographies,Fan Ye expressed his own views regarding the repercussions of“partisan prohibitions”in the Eastern Han Dynasty,the historical course that ensued,as well as the life experiences,fates and spirits of the“factional partisans”.It is concluded that Fan Ye’s documentation of factionalism and partisan prohibitions in the Eastern Han Dynasty could best reflect his competence in historiography.