政治动力型:清代苗疆司法的一种面相——清水江地区“争江案”的考察

Type of Political Dynamics:The Aspect of the Miaojiang Judicature in Qing Dynasty:——An Investigation of the"Zhengjiang Case"in Qingshui River Area in Qing Dynasty

清水江地区“争江案”的司法实践表明,各级官府并不基于既有律法规定对“争江案”作出裁判,而是以维持苗疆稳定为核心依据,呈现出政治动力型的司法面相。在经历“雍乾苗乱”之后,防止苗民激变成为其经营苗疆的首要关切,设置三寨“当江”来展开木材交易是符合苗疆秩序需要的最优方案,此即三寨之所以“当江”的实质合法性。因此,尽管不具备形式上的合法要件,三寨苗人在与坌处民人的百年诉讼中仍然一直占据上风。为了避免坌处民人长期的诉讼纠缠,需要构建三寨“当江”形式的合法性。在此过程中,清王朝“因地制宜”的司法机制将其政治上的需要转化为司法上的依据,并在此基础上通过话语塑造和司法确认两个方面具体推进,最终形成要件完备的三寨“当江”规则。

The judicial practice of the"Zhengjiang Case"in the Qingshuijiang area shows that the judgement of the"Zhengjiang Case"by officials is not based on existing laws and regulations,but on the core basis of maintaining the stability of Miaojiang,presenting a politically dynamic judicial style.After the Qing empire ruled the Miaojiang,preventing the Miao people from causing chaos became its primary concern in the management of Miaojiang.The establishment of the Sanzhai"Dangjiang"rule was the optimal plan in the timber trade that met the needs of the order of the Miaojiang.Therefore,even though they do not possess the legal requirements of the form,the Sanzhai Miaoren still has the upper hand in the centuries-old lawsuit against the Benchu Minren.In order to avoid the litigation entanglement from Benchu Minren,it is necessary to build the formal legitimacy of Sanzhai"Dangjiang".At this time,the judicial mechanism of the Qing empire"adapted to local conditions"transformed political needs into judicial basis.On this basis,the government used two aspects:the shaping of litigation discourse and the confirmation of judicial judgments to concretely construct formal legality,thus forming a"Dangjiang"rule with complete elements.