论特别法人的逻辑反思与发展进路

The Logical Reflection on Special Legal Persons

《民法典》总则编将法人分为营利法人、非营利法人和特别法人三种基本类型,从形式逻辑视角观察,特别法人的出现违反了排中律。检视《民法总则》的立法过程,发现特别法人的产生具有坚实的实践基础。考察传统大陆法系国家法人基本分类发现其采用的是抽象概括的立法模式,具有不完全归纳和无法应对现实社会变化的缺陷,不值得借鉴。形式逻辑具有形而上学的孤立地、静止地、片面地看问题的缺陷,需引入基于唯物辩证法的辩证逻辑予以修正。法人的基本分类应当在形式逻辑和辩证逻辑共同指引下进行,辩证逻辑指引下的特别法人应当具有运动、变化、发展的特点,进而其具体类型应当具有开放性。

The General Provisions of the Civil Code divide legal persons into three basic types:For-profit Legal Persons,Non-profit Legal Persons,Special Legal Persons,which violates the law of exclusion of the middle of formal logic.Examining the legislative process of the General Principles of Civil Law,it is found that the emergence of special legal persons has a solid practical basis.The basic classification of legal persons in traditional civil law countries adopts an abstract and general legislative model,which has the defects of incomplete induction and inability to cope with social changes,and is not worth learning from.Formal logic has the defects of metaphysical isolation,static and one-sided view of problems,which needs to be corrected by introducing dialectical logic based on materialistic dialectics.The basic classification of legal persons should be conducted under the guidance of formal logic and dialectical logic.Special legal persons under the guidance of debate logic should have the characteristics of movement,change and development,and their specific types should be open.