先秦“训”体的生成与演变

The Formation and Evolution of"Xun"Style in the Pre-Qin Period

“训”是上古政事和话语系统中实际使用到的一种口头表达形式。由《尚书》《逸周书》的相关篇籍结合新出清华简《保训》《命训》篇,我们能大体窥见“训”的基本体式、文化特性和演变脉络。“训”体在先秦经历了三个发展阶段——商代以及更早时代的“训”文有强烈的宗教、巫术仪式特征;西周时期则与大量其他文献和文体一样,乃是神道设教和政治礼仪活动的产物;春秋晚期至战国,“训”体进入第三个阶段,为说理散文,当然也因此丧失了其自身原有的文体特性。“训”体的演变过程生动展示了先秦文学从原生态记录向写本文学,从口传、口诵甚至表演向书面写本的过渡,以及多时代、多作者文化印迹“叠加”的“衍生型”文学文本生成过程,当然也体现了先秦讲求社会效应的文学本质观。

Xun is a kind of oral expression form actually used and discourse system in the pre-qin government.Shangshu and the newly published Bamboo book can give us a glimpse of its basic style,cultural characteristics and evolution.According to the study of Baoxun and Mingxun,the"xun"style experienced three stages of development in the Pre-Qin period.The Shang dynasty and the early era of the"training"article has strong characteristics of religion,witchcraft rituals.Western zhou dynasty,as well as a large number of other literature and literary style,but the sacred taught and political activity,From the late Spring and Autumn Period to the Warring States Period,the"xun"style entered the third stage,which is argumentative prose,of course also lost its own original stylistic features.The evolution of"Xun"style vividly shows the transition of Pre Qin literature from original ecological records to written literature,from oral transmission,oral recitation and even performance to written literature,and the generation process of"derivative"literary text with the"superposition"of cultural imprints of multiple times and authors.Of course,it also reflects the essence of literature of Pre-Qin Dynasty that emphasizes social effect.