无居民海岛开发利用中的自然灾害风险管理与应对策略

Natural disaster risk management and countermeasures in the development and utilization of uninhabited islands

为了减轻自然灾害对无居民海岛开发利用的影响,加强海岛自然灾害风险管理已刻不容缓。本文分析了国外海岛应对自然灾害的风险管理经验、无居民海岛开发利用成灾机制,提出了无居民海岛开发利用自然灾害风险管理与策略。研究结果表明:国外重视防灾减灾顶层行动纲领制定,开展风险评估,利益相关者参与风险管理。自然灾害是孕灾环境、致灾因子、承灾体和防灾减灾能力构成的复杂系统,开发利用转变了无居民海岛的纯自然属性,具备了成灾条件。无居民海岛开发利用应重视开发前、开发后的全过程自然灾害风险管理。开发前应开展风险评估,编制应急预案,做好前期设计;开发后应注重日常防灾减灾管理,强化应急预案的实施与演练,细化风险管理机制,提升海岛自然灾害监测预警能力,强化非政府机构的重要作用,推进宣传教育体系建设,加强受损生态系统修复。

In order to reduce the impact of natural disasters on the development and utilization of uninhabited islands,it is urgent to strengthen the risk management of natural disasters on islands.This paper analyses the risk management experience of foreign islands in responding to natural disasters and the disaster mechanism of the development and utilization of uninhabited islands,and puts forward the risk management and strategy of natural disasters in the development and utilization of uninhabited islands.The results show that foreign countries attach importance to the formulation of top-level action programs for disaster prevention and reduction,risk assessment and stakeholder participation in risk management.Natural disaster is a complex system composed of disaster environment,disaster-causing factors,disaster-bearing bodies and disaster prevention and mitigation capabilities.The development and utilization of these systems have changed the pure natural attributes of uninhabited islands and provided disaster-causing conditions.The development and utilization of uninhabited islands should pay attention to the whole process of natural disaster risk management before and after development.Before development,risk assessment,emergency plan and preliminary design should be carried out.After development,attention should be paid to the daily disaster prevention and mitigation management,strengthening the implementation and exercise of emergency plans,refining the risk management mechanism,improving the monitoring and early warning ability of island natural disasters,intensifying the important role of non-governmental institutions,promoting the construction of publicity and education system,and strengthening the restoration of damaged ecosystems.