湖北荆州张大冢战国楚墓出土青铜器的成分与金相研究

Study on Alloy Composition and Metallographic Analysis of Bronzes Excavated from Zhangdazhong Cemetery of Chu State in the Warring States Period in Jinzhou City,Hubei Province

利用X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)、金相显微镜对荆州市纪南镇雨台村张大冢战国墓地出土12件青铜器进行成分与金相分析。结果表明,12件青铜器分别为铅锡青铜、锡铅青铜和锡青铜3种材质,铅锡(或锡铅)青铜器普遍含铅量较高,青铜器多以铸造成形,铜盘均采用热锻加工技术。不同类型及使用功能的器物,其合金成分与金相组织存在明显差异。张大冢墓地作为战国中晚期的楚国下等级贵族家族墓地,出土青铜容器也多为素面薄壁,锈蚀较为严重,但其出土青铜器的合金配比、制作技术及机械性能均展现出战国中晚期楚国工匠已经拥有成熟的青铜合金、铸造以及加工技术,也揭示出当时工匠有意识地在青铜明器与实用器的合金技术上存在区别对待,为全面认识东周时期楚都纪南城青铜冶铸业的发展状况提供科学依据。

The alloy composition and metallographic microstructure of twelve bronzes excavated from Zhangdazhong Cemetery of Chu State in the Warring States Period at Yutai village in Ji′nan town,Jinzhou city,Hubei province,were analyzed by the metallographic microscope and XRF.The results show that these bronzes are made of copper-tin-lead,copper-lead-tin and copper-tin alloys,and lead-tin and tin-lead bronzes contain high level of lead.Most of them are foundry products and two bronze plates are made by hot forging.Meanwhile,there are more differences in the alloy compositions and metallographic microstructures with different types and functions of the bronzes.Although the Zhangdazhong Cemetery is the cemetery of the lower nobility of the Chu State in the middle and late Warring States period,the alloy,manufacturing technology and mechanical properties of some simple and badly corroded bronze vessels demonstrate that craftsmen of the Chu State have mastered superb bronze alloy,casting and processing technologies,which also reveals that craftsmen intentionally adjust the alloy between bronze burials and vessels.The result of the study can provide important clues to recognize fully the development status of the bronze production industry in the Ji′nan city of the Chu capital during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.