大国科技竞争背景下俄罗斯强化技术主权的实践与启示

Russia's Strengthening of Technological Sovereignty under the Background of Science and Technology Competition among Greati Powers:I Practice and Enlightenment

在俄乌冲突和西方极限制裁下,俄罗斯科技领域受到极大冲击,普京总统强调,要实现真正的技术主权,必须建立一个核心要素完全独立于外国机构且完整的经济运行体系,自此开始了俄罗斯维护技术主权的实践。面对西方围堵打压,俄罗斯采取加快重构技术供应链、努力推动软件自主研发、着重支持信息技术产业、大力扶持微电子产业、密集出台关乎国计民生的技术进口替代项目等一系列应急举措。以发布有关技术发展和技术主权的政策文件为标志,俄罗斯对强化技术主权进行了长远布局和制度设计,明确了2030年实现技术主权的总体目标,围绕目标确定国家支持优先项目的六大原则,明确了国家支持的优先项目的选择标准,并且在创新科研生产组织管理模式、发挥中小型科技公司和大学创新主体作用,开展“先行先试”项目试点,完善创新政策支持工具,推动技术供给和需求对接等方面进一步探索实践。俄罗斯强化技术主权的应急措施、长期布局和制度设计,是在西方制裁导致的半封闭状态下的务实之举。然而,在政策实施过程中,尚需解决创新体系效能不强、创新主体有效联动不够、科研团体稳定性欠佳、研发投入持续性不足、技术生态系统打造困难等诸多问题。

Due to the Russia-Ukraine conflict and the extreme sanctions imposed by the U.S.and the West,Russia's scientific and technological fields have been greatly impacted.In June 2022,President Putin at the St.Petersburg Economic Forum emphasized,in order to achieve true technological sovereignty,it is necessary to establish a complete economic operating system with core elements completely independent of foreign institutions.From then on,Russia began its practice of safeguarding technological sovereignty.Russia has stabilized the situation by taking a series of emergency initiatives,including restructuring the technology supply chain,promoting independent software research and development,supporting the information technology industry and the microelectronics industry,and intensively introducing import substitution projects.By issuing policy documents such as c"Technology Development Concept in 2030"and"Priority Direction of Technology Sovereignty Projects and Economic Restructuring Projects",Russia has made a long-term layout and system design for strengthening technology sovereignty,and defined the overall goal of realizing technology sovereignty in 2030.Six principles and selection criteria for national priority projects have been established,exploring innovative research and production organization and management models,supporting the role of small and medium-sized technology companies and universities as innovative entities,conducting pilot projects,improving innovation policy support,and promoting technology supply and demand matching.Russia's emergency measures,long-term layout and system design to strengthen technological sovereignty are pragmatic actions under the sanctions of the U.S.and the West.However,in the process of policy implementation,many problems still need to be solved,such as low efficiency of innovation system,insufficient effective linkage of innovation subjects,poor stability of scientific research groups,insufficient sustainability of R&D investment,and dfficulties in building technology ecosystem.