“古书诗书多互称”说辩证

An Evaluation of the Argument that"The Ancients did not Differentiate between The Book of Songs and The Book of History in Referencing"

《墨子》《战国策》《吕氏春秋》等书引《诗》之文句而称“书”、引《书》之文句而称“诗”,以及不见于今传《诗》《书》的同一文句在被古书引用时或称“诗”或称“书”的现象,孙诒让以“古书诗书多互称”之说作解,以往学者又有讹误说、“书”为五经总名说、“诗”非《诗经》文本之专名说、所引文句同出一源而分采入“诗”“书”之说等。本文从先秦时人所称“诗”之含义以及“诗”“书”之间存在交集等复杂情况出发,逐一考察具体用例,广搜古书中类似文句以为参照,探究所谓“诗书互称”现象背后的原因。

In the Mozi,Intrigues of the Warring States,and Mister Lüs Spring and Autumn Annals and other books there exists a phenomenon where a quote from The Book of Songs was referred to as Shu,and quotes from The Book of History were instead referred to as Shi.Sometimes the same quote was neither from The Book of Songs nor from The Book of History but was referred to as Shi or Shu.Sun Yirang claimed that the ancients did not differentiate between The Book of Songs and The Book of History in referencing.Other scholars brought forward their own standpoints,noting that it was a mistake,that Shu was a general name for all the Five Classics,that Shi referred to rhymed texts,and that the quotes were originally from the same source and were only later collected in The Book of Songs or The Book of History.This article considers the meaning of Shi during the pre-Qin period and the overlaps between classical texts such as The Book of Songs and The Book of History and their complex collection process,in addition to reviewing widely referred similar texts,in order to reveal the reason behind this phenomenon.