我国执行回转的制度反思与程序重构——兼评《强制执行法(草案)》第91至94条

On the Reflection&Reconstruction of Recovery Procedure for Execution in China

在《民事强制执行法》进入单独立法倒计时之际,全面审视与反思执行回转制度正当其时。作为一项移植于苏联的特色制度,我国的执行回转具有减轻当事人诉累、快速恢复原状、兼顾效率与公平等多重价值,但同时也存在背离审执分离与处分原则、缺乏体系建构与程序衔接等诸多问题。执行回转不属于执行救济,也不应内嵌于执行程序之中,而应定性为一种“简略式审判程序”,参照非讼程序原理进行设计。新的执行回转制度应该以判决的形式判定是否回转及其具体内容,取消法院依职权启动的路径,严格限定当事人的范围,适当扩大回转标的的范围,有效细化具体程序规则,理顺与执行程序、另诉程序、破产程序、国家赔偿程序等周边程序的关系。

At the time of the separate legislation of Compulsory Execution Law,it is high time to comprehensively examine and reflect on the system of recovery procedure for execution.As a characteristic system transplanted from Soviet Union,China′s recovery procedure for execution has multiple values,such as reducing the litigation burden of the parties,quickly restoring the original state,and balancing efficiency and fairness.But at the same time,there exist many problems,such as deviating from the principle of separation of trial and execution and the principle of disposition,lacking systematic construction and connection between procedures and so on.The recovery procedure for execution does not belong to the execution relief,nor should it be embedded in the execution procedure,but should be defined as a“brief trial procedure”,designed according to the theory of noncontentious procedure.The new recovery procedure for execution should decide whether to support its recovery and its specific content in the form of judgment,cancel the path started by the court according to its authority,and strictly limit the scope of the parties.Moreover,it should appropriately expand the scope of the recovery target,effectively refine the specific procedure rules,and straighten out its relationships with the procedure of execution,the procedure of initiating relevant proceedings,the procedure of bankruptcy and the procedure of state compensation.