全面抗战期间国民政府分区监察制度之运作与地方社会——以湖南湖北监察使苗培成为中心(1940—1945)

The Operation of the National Government’s District Supervision System and Local Society during the Comprehensive Anti-Japanese War:Centered on Miao Peicheng(1940-1945)

为行使监察权,南京国民政府创设分区监察制度,派监察使巡回监察地方。全面抗战期间,分区监察制度逐步完善。以战时担任湖南湖北监察使的苗培成为典型案例,可呈现分区监察制度的运作实态。在任期间,苗培成认真履职,先后十余次巡回视察两省数个县份,考察地方情形,行使建议、纠举、弹劾等职权,展现了分区监察制度与战时湖南、湖北地方社会的互动。苗培成勤勉敬业却收效甚微,诸多痼疾未有改善,揭示了分区监察制度的困境:制度设计与现实情形割裂;付诸实践时重形式而轻实质,有将“视察”等同于“监察”之嫌;与党权、军权、行政权相比,监察权始终处于边缘、弱势地位。监察权无法切实发挥作用是国民党政权在战时日趋腐败蜕化、积重难返的原因之一。

In order to effectively exercise the power of supervision,the Nanjing National Government created the district supervision system,sending supervisors to tour the local areas for oversight.This system underwent gradual improvement during the comprehensive Anti-Japanese War.Miao Peicheng,the supervisor of Hunan and Hubei,exemplifies the functioning of the district supervision system.Miao conscientiously performed his duties,and his experiences shed light on the complexities of local society in Hunan and Hubei during the war.Miao’s diligent and dedicated work,despite achieving little success,highlights a dilemma within the district supervision system:the design often fails to align with the reality on the ground,resulting in an emphasis on form over substance in practice.The inability of the supervisory power to function effectively is one of the significant reasons why the Kuomintang regime became increasingly corrupt and difficult to reform during wartime.