强行法与对世义务间关系的动态演进机理探究

Research on the Dynamic Evolution Mechanism of the Relationship between Jus Cogens and Obligations Erga Omnes

学界目前对于强行法和对世义务间关系已有不相关、重叠、包含、等同和单向产生五种论断,但五种论断均有内涵或外延上的纰漏,不能全面概括二者间关系的全貌。关于二者的认知在法律编纂和司法实践发展中逐步由疏离走向交汇,二者均反映和保护国际社会基本价值,并均以一般国际法为基础。强行法的违反后果涵盖条约法和法律行为法两个领域,包含国家责任领域对世义务的违反后果。但强行法侧重确立规范间的位阶等级,属于执行领域的对世义务侧重解决主体诉讼资格。强行法具有普遍适用性质,而对世义务可由缔约国间适用转化为国际社会普遍适用。现阶段强行法具有明确的“两步走”累加识别标准,相较之下对世义务的识别标准模糊且缺乏独立性。对于二者间关系的未来走向,更多应从国际社会结构和国际法律秩序体系整体变迁角度认知,并对对世义务诉权的适用和违反强行法法律后果的扩张持有相对乐观但审慎严谨的态度。

At present,there are five theories on the relationship between jus cogens and obligations erga omnes,including irrelevance,overlap,inclusion,equivalence and unidirectional generation.But all of them are flawed in connotation or extension,and cannot comprehensively summarize the whole picture of the relationship between the two.In the development of codification and judicial practice,perceptions of the two have gradually moved from estrangement to convergence,with both reflecting and protecting the fundamental values of the international community,and both being based on general international law.The consequences of a breach of jus cogens covered both the law of treaties and the law of legal acts,and included the consequences of breaches of obligations erga omnes in the area of state responsibility.However,jus cogens focuses on the establishment of hierarchy between the norms,and obligations erga omnes which belongs to the area of international enforcement,focuses on the resolution of locus standi.Jus cogens is erga omnes in nature,while obligations erga omnes can be applied only between erga omnes partes.At the present stage,jus cogens has a clear“two-step”cumulative identification criteria,in contrast,the identification criteria of obligations erga omnes is vague and lacks independence.The relationship between the two in the future should be more recognized from the perspective of the overall changes in the structure of international community and the international legal order system,and a relatively optimistic but prudent and rigorous attitude should be adopted towards the application of the locus standi of erga omnes and the expansion of the legal consequences of a breach of jus cogens.