环境公益诉讼中的司法鉴定问题研究

Study on Judicial Appraisal in Environmental Public Interest Litigation

环境损害司法鉴定,是指在法律诉讼过程中,借助具备环境科学专业技术和知识的鉴定人员,利用现场踏勘和实验模拟等多种技术手段,对涉及环境污染或者生态破坏诉讼中的专门性问题进行鉴别和判断,并且提供相应鉴定意见的活动。区别于传统司法鉴定,环境损害司法鉴定涉及面广、技术难度较大、鉴定过程复杂,有待在法律层面予以进一步规范。近年来,中国陆续发布与环境损害司法鉴定相关的规范性文件,不断探索和完善专家辅助人制度,持续强化环境损害司法鉴定的“两结合”管理体制,已经取得了一定的进展。目前,环境公益诉讼中的环境损害司法鉴定存在法律法规有待完善、环境损害司法鉴定机构未满足实践需要、鉴定意见证明力不足、监管机制不健全等问题,需要通过完善法律规范、规范鉴定机构的准入和经营管理、加强鉴定意见的证明力、健全监管机制加以解决。中国应当构建健全、统一的环境损害司法鉴定标准体系,设立专门的环境损害司法鉴定技术标准,以“生态+司法”筑牢生态保护法治屏障。

Judicial appraisal of environmental damage involves specialized evaluations conducted during legal proceedings.Utilizing the expertise of environmental science professionals,these appraisals employ on-site inspections and experimental simula-tions to address issues related to environmental pollution or ecological damage in litigation.This process,which provides crucial appraisal opinions,differs from traditional judicial appraisals in its broad scope,technical complexity,and the intricate nature of the appraisal process,highlighting an urgent need for further standardization at the legal level.In recent years,China has made sig-nificant strides by issuing normative documents related to environmental damage appraisal,enhancing the expert-assisted person system,and strengthening the“two-combination”management system of environmental judicial appraisals.Despite these advance-ments,challenges persist,including incomplete legal regulations,inadequacies in appraisal institutions to meet practical demands,insufficient probative power of appraisal opinions,and a lack of robust regulatory mechanisms.To address these issues,improve-ments are suggested in legal norms,standardization of appraisal institution access and management,enhancement of the probative power of appraisal opinions,and fortification of regulatory mechanisms.Future efforts should focus on establishing a comprehen-sive and unified system of standards for judicial appraisal of environmental damage and setting specific technical standards to so-lidify the legal framework for ecological protection,integrating“ecology+justice”.