整建制全要素全链条农业面源污染综合防治的思考及实践

Comprehensive prevention and control of agricultural non-point source pollution with whole factors and chain in an integrated system

加强农业面源污染综合防治是加快推进中国农业发展全面绿色转型,实现乡村全面振兴的重要任务。近年来,在多方的共同努力下,中国生态环境改善取得了一定成效,但重点流域的农业面源污染问题仍然突出。该研究在分析中国农业面源污染现状的基础上,通过资料收集、现场调研、专家座谈等多种方式梳理和分析了农业面源污染综合防治在治理主体、投入要素、技术体系与产业链条方面的瓶颈,解析了整建制全要素全链条农业面源污染综合防治的内涵,阐述了国家农业绿色发展先行区浙江平湖在践行整建制全要素全链条农业面源污染综合防治方面的先进做法及应用效果。总结了典型案例在网格化健全污染综合防治“整建制”、特色化延伸综合防治“全链条”、以及全方位保障污染综合防治“全要素”三个方面开展的相关工作,以期为探索形成农业面源污染综合防治整体解决方案,示范带动农业发展全面绿色转型提供支撑。

Agricultural non-point source pollution has been the leading cause of water quality in recent years.The prevention and control of non-point source pollution can improve the ecological environment quality in the green transformation of agricultural development and rural revitalization.However,agricultural non-point source pollution has been the prominent difficulty for the water environment protection with the effective control of industrial and urban point source pollution.Particularly,water environment protection is still remained elusive in the watershed scale.This study aimed to review the current situation to determine the main bottlenecks in the prevention and control of agricultural non-point source pollution.Key measures were also explored in the whole factors and chain.The optimization and maintenance paths were proposed for the typical pilot areas in the Yangtze River Basin.Firstly,the agricultural non-point source pollution was reduced with a significant decrease in the water pollution emissions.But the emissions proportion was also remained high.Secondly,the bottlenecks were clarified using various operations,such as data collection,on-site research,and expert discussions,in term of governance entities,investment factors,technological systems and industrial chains.The single governance body,scattered departmental functions,and independent governance fields were the critical factors for the main body of agricultural non-point source pollution control.It was very necessary to construct the digital platform for the investment elements,such as technological support,regulatory system,financial investment and ecological compensation.The linear production model of"resourceproduct-waste discharge"was also needed to gradually shift towards an ecological circular industrial chain with the multidimensional and multi-levels.Thirdly,the connotation was defined in the entire element and chain of integrated system.Among them,the integrated system was referred to the top-level design and systematic promotion from the perspective of development concepts and ideas.Whole factors were referred to the aggregation of funds,integrated application of technology,development of governance entities,and digital intensive empowerment.Full chain was to unblock the ecological cycle of the front,middle,and end of agricultural non-point source pollution control,in order to construct a multi-scale agricultural ecosystem with the large,medium,and small cycles,and then form an integrated pattern of production life ecology.Fourthly,the typical cases were selected from the national agricultural green development pilot zones.The implementation path and application effectiveness was elaborated for the prevention and control of agricultural non-point source pollution with the"whole factors"and"whole chain"in an integrated system.Three types of work were carried out in the typical cases:"integrated organizational system"on the grid scale,"whole chain"on the specialized extension,and"whole factors"on the pollution prevention and control in various aspects.The finding can provide the support to the prevention and control of non-point source pollution in the green transformation of modern agriculture.