毛先舒的《南曲正韵》和曲韵论

Mao Xianshu's Canonical Rhymes of Nanqu and the Theories on the Rhymes of Qu

《南曲正韵》是一部南曲专用韵谱。由于毛先舒认为四声韵系是语音之“正音”,而《洪武正韵》是四声韵系的韵谱,因此,他将《洪武正韵》作为设置韵部和收列韵字的主要依据,《南曲正韵》的二十二个韵部便是据《洪武正韵》设置的。他认为,曲韵的“正音”不能以地域来确定,应根据语音本身的自然规律来确定,若是以地域而定“正音”,那东、西、南、北,皆是土音,不是“正音”,只有融合了各地的土音,在此基础上制定的韵,才是“正音”。由于南曲采用了四声韵系为标准语音,故南曲不同于北曲,四声齐备,有入声字。南曲的入派三声,是南曲自身演唱作腔的需要,以与缠绵婉转的旋律相合。

Canonical Rhymes of Nanqu is a rhyme book for Nanqu.Mao Xianshu considered the four-tone rhyme system as the phonetic canon;since Canonical Rhymes of Hongwu was a rhyme book based on this system,he used it as the foundation for setting up the twenty-two rhyme categories and canonical rhymes in Canonical Rhymes of Nanqu.He believed that the phonetic canon of qu should not be determined by region but by the nature of phonetics.Otherwise,the eastern,western,southern,and northern rhymes would be dialectical instead of canonical.The canonical rhymes could only be determined by the integration of dialectical rhymes.Since nanqu adopts the four-tone system as its standard phonetics,it differs from beiqu by having a complete set of four tones, including the three entering tones, which are necessary for its own singing style to match its meandering melodies.