中国古代铸铁退火技术研究综述

A Review on Cast Iron Annealing Technology in Ancient China

铸铁退火工艺可显著改善铸铁机械性能,拓展铁器应用范围,在中国古代生铁制钢技术体系中发挥承上启下的作用,是铁器时代开启的重要因素。20世纪50年代开始,自然科学方法的引入让古代钢铁史研究从文献学、类型学跨越到材料学。20世纪80年代,随着铁器考古工作大规模的开展,发现多处大型古代冶铁遗址,再加上一些新兴科技手段与考古研究的深入结合,研究者对古代铸铁退火技术有了充分认识。在冶铁遗址中发现具有退火功能的炉窑,其形制与烘范窑相似。研究者通过模拟古代温度开展实验,借助理论分析汉代球墨铸铁的退火工艺。综合已有研究,宜在最大限度地复原古代的条件下开展铸铁退火模拟实验,从工艺、成本、效果等综合研究古代铸铁退火生产流程,这对加深对铸铁退火工艺的认识有重要的参考价值。

The annealing process of cast iron can significantly improve the mechanical properties of cast iron,expand the application range of ironware,and play a bridging role in the ancient Chinese pig iron and steel making technology system.It is an important factor in the opening of the iron age in ancient China.Starting from the 1950s,the introduction of natural scientific methods allowed the study of ancient steel history to leap from philology and typology to materials science.Since the 1980s,with the large-scale development of iron archaeological work,multiple large ancient iron smelting sites have been discovered,and the types and materials of iron tools have become increasingly diverse;Some emerging technological methods are deeply integrated with archaeological research,and researchers have gained a full understanding of ancient cast iron annealing technology.A furnace with annealing function was found in the iron smelting site,and its shape is similar to that of a baking kiln.Researchers conducted experiments by simulating ancient temperatures and analyzed the annealing process of Han Dynasty ductile iron through theoretical analysis.Based on existing research,it is advisable to conduct simulated experiments on cast iron annealing under the condition of restoring ancient conditions to the greatest extent possible.This will comprehensively study the production process of ancient cast iron annealing from the aspects of technology,cost,and effect.This has important reference value for deepening the understanding of cast iron annealing technology.