中国新闻摄影观念的形成与实践(1900-1947)

The Formation and Practice of the Concept of News Photography(1900—1947)

新闻摄影观念是关于“什么是新闻摄影”以及“如何实践新闻摄影”的观念。中国独特的历史语境、文化观念与社会制度塑造了独特的新闻摄影观念,但是现有关于中国新闻摄影的研究,却未给予这一透视中国特色新闻实践的重要视角应有的重视,近代中国新闻摄影观念的形成与实践也成为一个被忽视的议题。“武器论”观念是近代中国成型的新闻摄影观念,核心内涵将新闻摄影视为对内团结动员和对外揭露宣传的重要工具和“武器”,实践目标在于为抗战争取最广泛的国内外支持和服务战时政治,其形成是摄影术在近代中国作为一种新媒介与中国社会、文化和新闻业复杂互动的结果。19世纪40年代,摄影术作为一种新技术与新兴视觉媒介进入中国,肖像和风景摄影是当时摄影术的主要应用领域。随着摄影成为当时社会的一种时尚与风雅,中国社会开始转变对摄影术“奇技淫巧”的态度。19世纪70—80年代,摄影术获得了中国大众的接受,摄影开始被用来记录具有新闻价值的社会事件,纪实摄影是这一时期摄影的主流形式。20世纪初,摄影术与中国新闻实践有了“联姻”的趋势,新闻摄影从纪实摄影中分离出来,开始在中国新闻实践中发挥作用,但是此时的新闻摄影主要是作为文字报道的一种辅助性手段。20世纪20年代开始,中国国内开始出现报纸的摄影附刊。这一时期照相馆是最重要的新闻摄影稿件来源,但是摄影图片大多没有新闻价值,中国新闻摄影处于探索时期,因此并没有成型的新闻摄影观念。20世纪20—30年代,一批知识分子和文化精英共同推动了摄影从技术到艺术的转变,这一转变将摄影与当时的“文艺大众化”运动相勾连。在左翼思潮与战争影响下,摄影成为一种服务时代的“工具”。战争语境促成了沙飞“摄影武器论”思想的萌芽,“战时新闻摄影”概念的提出标志着新闻摄影“武器论”观念的形成。在与中共抗战动员和宣传建政需求的结合中,“武器论”观念得到进一步发展和深化,《晋察冀画报》忠实实践了“对内鼓动”和“对外宣传”的双重要求。“武器论”观念的形成深受中国独特的社会历史语境与文化观念的影响,其实践对推动近代中国社会历史的发展具有深远意义。

The concept of news photography is about“what is news photography”and“how to practice news photography”.The unique historical context,cultural concepts and social system of China have shaped a unique concept of news photography.However,existing research on Chinese news photography has not given enough attention to this important perspective on the practice of news with Chinese characteristics.The formation and practice of modern Chinese news photography concepts have also become a neglected issue.The concept of“weapon theory”is a formative concept of news photography formed in modern China.Its core connotation regards news photography as an important tool and“weapon”for internal unity and mobilization,as well as external disclosure and propaganda.Its practical goal is to obtain the broadest domestic and foreign support and service for the war of resistance and current politics.Its formation is the result of the complex interaction between modern Chinese photography as a new media and Chinese society,culture and the news industry.In the 1840s,photography entered China as a new visual medium.Portrait and landscape photography were the main application fields of photography at that time.With photography becoming a fashion and elegance of the society at that time,Chinese society began to shift its attitude towards the“bizarre and obscene”art of photography.In the 1870s and 1880s,photography gained acceptance among the Chinese public,and photography began to be used to record social events that were considered as news value.Documentary photography was the mainstream form of photography during this period.At the beginning of the 20th century,there was a trend of“marriage”between photography and Chinese news practice.News photography separated from documentary photography and began to play a role in Chinese news practice.However,at this time,news photography was mainly used as an auxiliary means of written reporting.Starting from the 1920s,photography magazines for newspapers began to appear in China.During this period,photo studios were the most important source of news photography manuscripts,but most of the photographic images did not have news value.Chinese news photography was in an exploratory period,so there was no established concept of news photography.In the 1920s and 1930s,a group of intellectuals and cultural elites jointly promoted the transformation of photography from technology to art,and linked with the movement of“popularization of literature and art”.Under the influence of Ideological trend of the left and wars,photography has become a“tool”to serve the times.The context of Counter-Japanese War contributed to the germination of Shafei’s thought of“photography weapon theory”.The concept of“wartime news photography”marked the formation of the“weapon theory”concept.In combination with the mobilization of the Communist Party of China for the Counter-Japanese War and the need for publicity and political construction,the concept of“weapons theory”has been further developed and deepened.The Chin-Cha-Chi Pictorial has faithfully implemented the dual requirements of“internal encouragement”and“external publicity”.The formation of the concept of“weapon theory”is deeply influenced by China’s unique social and historical context and cultural concepts,and its practice has far-reaching significance in promoting the development of modern Chinese social history.