十年回溯与发展建议:我国高校工科专业动态调整研究

Retrospective and Development Suggestions:Research on Ten-year Dynamic Adjustment of Undergraduate Engineering Majors in China

专业调整日益成为高等教育的热门议题。据2014—2023年全国专业调整数据,我国工科专业近十年迎来了大规模的结构调整,新增备案和审批点数逐年增多,撤销点数在近五年呈猛增态势。工科专业调整的行动逻辑存在明显的院校差异,应用型高校主要受市场逻辑主导,专业备案和撤销调整“大刀阔斧”急进式推进;研究型大学强调知识生产和创新,多新专业审批探索,专业调整总体上“慢条斯理”渐进式展开。工科专业调整的背后彰显了政府、市场和学术等三重逻辑的交织影响,并因院校类型差异呈现出不同的主导模式。未来的工科专业调整需要建立动态长效机制,密切耦合国家战略和区域产业需求,遵循高等教育基本规律和人才成长规律,坚守专业的底色,注重专业质量内涵式提升,谨防盲目开设新专业。

The adjustment of majors has become an increasingly hot topic in higher education.According to data on national major adjustments from 2014 to 2023,China's engineering majors have undergone large-scale structural adjustments in the past decade,with the number of new filings and approvals increasing year by year,and the number of cancellations showing a sharp increase in the past five years.There are obvious diferences in the logic of actions in the adjustment of engineering majors among different colleges and universities.Application-oriented colleges and universities are mainly guided by market logic,pushing forward major adjustments in a bold and aggressive manner,while research-oriented universities emphasize knowledge production and innovation,exploring more new major approvals,and overall,adjusting majors in a gradual and systematic manner.The adjustment of engineering majors reflects the intertwined influences of government,market,and academic logics,and presents different dominant models due to differences in institutional types.Future adjustments of engineering majors need to establish a dynamic and long-term mechanism,closely aligning with national strategies and regional industrial needs,following the basic laws of higher education and the laws of talent growth,adhering to the foundation of majors,focusing on improving the connotation of majors,and guarding against blindly opening new majors.