草地培育的内涵和方法

Concepts and approaches of grassland improvement

草地培育在草业科学理论指导下,通过一系列草地管理措施,解决草-畜供需季节性不平衡这一根本性矛盾,提高和完善草业系统的结构与功能。根据草地培育的作用目标或其尺度与属性、实施主体有5种划分方法。主要包括封育、休牧、划破、补播、施肥、灌溉、火烧、放牧、人工增雨、研学旅游、智慧管理、政策法规等,这些方法通过改变草业系统或其组分而融入草畜反馈机制。草地培育遵循产业化、慎重改造、综合性和尺度对应等原则,集成技术之间协同或叠加,效果达到超饱和或盈饱和,关键是确定生态系统对培育措施的适应期、响应期和饱和期3组阈值。草地培育建立以放牧为基础的边牧边育的模式,重视“有害”生物作为生态系统不可替代的组分及其资源属性,建设以草地健康水平为基础的标准化的草地培育流程,推动智能化、机械化、规模化作业,提高培育效率和效益。

The degradation of 60%of the world′s grasslands and 70%of China′s grasslands is a serious threat to sustainable socio-economic development.The current approach of“enclosure instead of improvement”blocks the natural connection between grassland and livestock and promotes the decoupling of livestock-environment-plant-human interactions.Grassland improvement is to solve the fundamental contradiction of seasonal imbalance of grass-livestock supply and demand through a series of management measures under the guidance of the theory of grass science,to promote the sustainable development of ecosystems and enhance the well-being of human beings.According to the target of improvement measures or their scales and attributes,there are five classification methods for the implementation of improvement measures.Main methods include enclosure,grazing,ripping,over seeding,fertilization,irrigation,fire,grazing,artificial rain enhancement,research tourism,intelligent management,policies,and regulations,etc.,and the integration of grass-animal feedback mechanisms through changes in the grass system or its components.Grassland improvement follows the principles of industrialization,careful transformation,comprehensiveness,and scale correspondence,requires synergy or superimposition between integrated technologies,with effects reaching super saturation or surplus saturation.Grassland management is divided into an improvement period and a utilization period,which corresponds to the state of health of the grassland.The utilization period and improvement period of grassland always interact and constrain each other,so it is especially crucial to deal with the relationship between these two.The key to grassland improvement is to determine the thresholds of ecosystem response to the adaptation,response and saturation periods of the improvement measures.The degradation trend of grassland can be predicted in advance,and appropriate improvement measures can be taken at critical points to restore the grassland to a healthy.Ecological processes of the grassland improvement and utilization periods are not independent of each other,but are integrated and promoted.The improvement period can be reasonably utilized,while the utilization period can also be improved according to local conditions.Attaching importance to“harmful”organisms as irreplaceable components of the ecosystem and their resource properties,clarifying the ecological and economic thresholds for their prevention and control.Establish a standardized grassland improvement process based on the health level of grassland,which not only reduces the threshold of entry,but also promotes intelligent,mechanized,and large-scale operations.On the basis of the traditional improvement of“grass”and“land”,emphasis is placed on the improvement of“livestock”and its relationship with other components of the grass system,and ultimately the cultivation of the grass system is realized.