基于全球导航卫星系统应用的光频原子钟发展现状与可用性分析

Development Status and Usability Analysis of Optical Clocks for Global Navigation Satellite System Applications

随着光频原子钟技术迅速发展,光频原子钟不确定度已超越微波原子钟性能4~5个数量级,达到了10^(−19)数量级,在可靠性和小型化方面也不断提升,使得未来全球导航卫星系统(Global Navigation Satellite System,GNSS)搭载光频原子钟成为可能。介绍了几种GNSS光频原子钟的工作原理及国内外的研究进展,从稳定度、集成度及影响稳定度的因素等方面总结了几种光频原子钟的性能,并将四种光学时钟(离子光钟、光晶格钟、双光子跃迁光频原子钟、基于碘调制转移谱光频原子钟)与目前GNSS上搭载的四大导航系统进行比较,讨论了光频原子钟的应用潜力,并提出了各光频原子钟的发展建议。针对提升离子光钟和光晶格钟可靠性的需求,提出了通过提高激光器和超稳腔的稳定性、降低核心器件环境敏感性的建议。针对提升原子束光频原子钟稳定性的需求,提出了提高原子束利用率、进一步迭代实验等方案。针对提升双光子跃迁光频原子钟和调制转移谱光频原子钟的长期稳定性的需求,提出了结合真空技术及人工智能降低频率漂移率的解决方案。

With the rapid development of optical-frequency atomic clock technology,the uncertainty of optical clocks has exceeded the performance of microwave atomic clocks by 4 to 5 orders of magnitude,reaching 10^(−19) orders of magnitude.In addition,there have been continuous improvements in reliability and miniaturization.These advances make it possible to adopt optical atomic clocks in Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)in the future.This paper summarizes the performance of several optical atomic clocks in terms of stability,integration,characteristics and their factors affecting stability.Compares four types of optical clocks(ion optical clocks,optical lattice clocks,two-photon transition optical atomic clocks,and iodine modulation transfer spectrum optical atomic clocks)with four major navigation systems currently carried on GNSS.In addition,discusses the application potential of optical atomic clocks,and puts forward proposals for the development of each optical atomic clock.In order to improve the reliability of ion and lattice clocks,it is necessary to enhance the stability of lasers and super-stable cavities and reduce the environmental sensitivity of core devices.In order to improve the stability of atomic beam optical clocks,schemes such as increasing atomic beam utilization and further experiments are proposed.In order to improve the long-term stability of two-photon transition atomic clocks and modulated transfer spectrum optical clocks,a solution combining vacuum technology and artificial intelligence technology to reduce frequency drift rate is proposed.