不同拉伸方式对健康人膝关节肌肉力量及垂直纵跳表现的即刻影响

Immediate effects of different stretching methods on knee joint muscle strength and vertical jump performance of healthy adults

背景:静态拉伸可有效改善关节运动幅度,而动态拉伸通过肌肉的激活后增强效应,有效提高肌肉力量及运动表现。目的:探讨不同类型的拉伸方式对膝关节肌肉力量及垂直纵跳表现产生的即刻影响,为寻求最佳拉伸方案、提高运动表现、预防训练损伤提供理论支撑。方法:随机招募30名健康大学生,采用Biodex等速肌力测试仪、Qualisys红外动作捕捉系统及AMTI三维测力台分别采集股四头肌/腘绳肌静态拉伸、股四头肌/腘绳肌动态拉伸、股四头肌动态/腘绳肌静态拉伸、股四头肌静态/腘绳肌动态拉伸后的膝关节肌肉力量及垂直纵跳数据,利用膝关节峰值力矩、平均功率、纵跳高度、垂直地面反作用力峰值及关节运动幅度评估膝关节肌肉力量及垂直纵跳表现。结果与结论:(1)与股四头肌/腘绳肌静态拉伸相比,股四头肌/腘绳肌动态拉伸可显著提高膝关节峰值力矩、平均功率及纵跳高度(P<0.05),股四头肌动态/腘绳肌静态拉伸和股四头肌静态/腘绳肌动态拉伸分别提高伸膝和屈膝峰值力矩和平均功率(P<0.05);(2)与股四头肌/腘绳肌静态拉伸相比,股四头肌静态/腘绳肌动态拉伸后的第二垂直地面反作用力峰值显著下降(P<0.05);股四头肌/腘绳肌动态拉伸后的下肢关节运动幅度显著增加(P<0.05);(3)提示即刻的原动肌/拮抗肌动态拉伸和原动肌动态/拮抗肌静态拉伸可显著提高膝关节肌肉力量、垂直纵跳表现及关节运动幅度;较大的运动幅度有利于提高运动表现,并在着地时更好地吸收地面冲击力;同时,原动肌动态/拮抗肌静态拉伸对膝关节肌肉力量的提升效果优于原动肌/拮抗肌动态拉伸,原动肌静态拉伸/拮抗肌动态拉伸有利于提高垂直纵跳落地时的能量吸收能力,降低落地时损伤的风险。

BACKGROUND:Static stretching effectively improves joint motion amplitude,dynamic stretching effectively improves muscle strength and athletic performance through the post-activation strengthening effect of the muscles.OBJECTIVE:To explore the immediate effects of different stretching methods on knee joint muscle strength and vertical jump performance,and provide theoretical support for seeking the best stretching plan,improving sports performance,and preventing training injuries.METHODS:Thirty healthy college students were randomly recruited.The Biodex isokinetic muscle strength system,Qualisys infrared motion capture system,and AMTI three-dimensional force measurement platform were used to collect knee joint muscle strength and vertical jump data after static quadriceps/hamstring stretching,dynamic quadriceps/hamstring stretching,dynamic quadriceps/static hamstring stretching,and static quadriceps/dynamic hamstring stretching.The peak torque,average power,vertical jump height,peak vertical ground reaction force,and joint motion amplitude of the knee joint were used to evaluate the muscle strength and vertical jump performance of the knee joint.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Compared with the static quadriceps/hamstring stretching,dynamic quadriceps/hamstring stretching significantly increased knee joint peak torque,average power,and vertical jump height(P<0.05);dynamic quadriceps/static hamstring stretching and static quadriceps/dynamic hamstring stretching significantly increased knee extension and flexion peak torque and average power(P<0.05).Compared with static quadriceps/hamstring stretching,second peak vertical ground reaction force significantly decreased after static quadriceps/dynamic hamstring stretching(P<0.05);lower limb joint motion amplitude significantly increased after dynamic quadriceps/hamstring stretching(P<0.05).These findings indicate that immediate agonists/antagonistic muscle dynamic stretching and agonists dynamic stretching/antagonistic muscle static stretching significantly improve knee joint muscle strength,vertical jump performance,and joint motion amplitude.A larger joint motion amplitude is beneficial for improving athletic performance and better absorbing ground impact during landing.At the same time,agonists muscle dynamic stretching/antagonistic muscle static stretching is better than agonists/antagonistic muscle dynamic stretching to improve knee joint muscle strength,and agonists muscle static stretching/antagonistic muscle dynamic stretching is beneficial for improving the energy absorption capacity during vertical jumping and reducing the risk of injury during landing.