中国革命中的乡村动员:一项政治史的考察

Rural Mobilization in Chinese Revolution: a Review of Political History

中国革命得以成功,关键在于中共强大而有效的民众动员能力。从抗战到内战,中共在不同的时代背景下采用了不同的动员策略。抗战时期主要是以抗日救亡激发农民的民族情感、以减租减息和合理负担满足农民的利益诉求、以群众路线提升农民的政治参与;内战时期主要是以土地改革进行利益导向的动员、以阶级划分进行身份导向的动员、以诉苦清算进行情感导向的动员。整个革命年代,中共乡村动员又呈现出超越不同阶段的延续性特征。无论抗战还是内战,中共乡村动员都以获取农民的参与性支持、认同性支持和物质性支持为基本目标;为实现此目标,又总是以利益之满足、身份之建构、情感之唤起作为基本的动员手段。

The key to the victory of Chinese revolution is the Chinese Communist Party's forceful massmobilization. From War of Resistance Against Japan to the Chinese Civil War, CPC adopted different mobi-lizing strategies in different contexts. On the one hand, during the period of the War of Resistance Against Ja-pan, the Party aroused peasants' national emotions, met their interest demands by reducing rent and interest,and increased their political participation; on the other hand, the period of the Chinese Civil War witnessedthe Party's interest-oriented mobilization by initiating land reform, identity-oriented mobilization by classdivision, and emotion-oriented mobilization by voicing and settling grievances. However, the rural mobiliza-tion conducted by CPC showed continuity throughout different stages during the revolutionary years in that itwas aimed at gaining peasants' support in participation, identity and material. To achieve the goal, the mobi-lization was conducted all along by meeting the interest, constructing the identity and awaking emotions.