新教伦理与资本主义精神的亲和与分离——韦伯视域下的资本主义社会危机分析

Affinity and Separation of the Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism—Analysis of the Crisis of Capitalism in Weberian Perspective

韦伯在对新教伦理与资本主义关系的分析中,流露出对现代社会发展前景的担忧。韦伯认为,宗教理性对盈利欲的束缚与自制,同时也是一个伦理对经济的规定,如果失去了这一伦理原则,就会激化社会的内部矛盾。宗教理性对贪欲的束缚与自制,同时也是一个伦理对经济的规定,如果失去了这一伦理原则,就会激化社会的内部矛盾。在他看来,资本主义的发展已经脱离了宗教理性对盈利欲的束缚与自制,继而导致了现代社会的分裂与人的异化。对这一社会问题的解决,可分为两条基本思路:一是韦伯、托尼等人的集体主义方案,二是彼得·辛格、温特等人的个人主义方案。本文以前者为基本立场,从分析资本主义精神的概念出发,论述新教理性在资本主义发展的作用,以及这一危机的可能原因和解决出路。In his analysis of the relationship between the Protestant ethic and capitalism, Weber reveals his concern for the future of modern society. Weber argued that religious rationality’s restraint and self-control over the desire for profit was also an ethical restriction for the economy. The loss of this ethical principle would exacerbate internal social tensions. In his view, the development of capitalism had already detached from the restraint and self-control of religious rationality over the desire for profit, which subsequently led to the fragmentation of modern society and the alienation of individuals. The resolution of this social issue can be divided into two basic approaches: one is the collectivist approach advocated by Weber and Tonny, and the other is the individualist approach proposed by Peter Singer and Winter. This article takes the former as its basic stance, starting from an analysis of the concept of the spirit of capitalism, discussing the role of Protestant rationality in the development of capitalism, as well as the possible causes of this crisis and the way out for its solution.