数据主权理论在现代国际法的合理性分析

Study on the Rationality of the Doctrine of Data Sovereignty in Modern International Law

随着网络时代的发展而产生了第五空间“网络”,并延伸出了网络主权的理论,虽然最初提及这一概念的网络先锋人士实质是在倡导网络空间独立于现实世界的观点,但如今更广泛的观点认为,网络主权即是传统主权理论的延伸。如今的大数据时代,又诞生了数据主权的概念,相对应地,否定数据主权论的观点也应运而生,其中较有代表性的包括“数据自由论”及“公域说”等,但这些观点都存在内在的理论错误,故不能放任数据不受监管地自由流动;且数据主权论有着实践与法理上的依据,符合国家主权平等与国家安全的应有之义,因此可以认为数据主权论存在其合理性。但同时,在数据主权论的实践中,主要有两类典型的国家实践模式,但目前的模式还无法调和安全性与行业发展之间的矛盾;此外,某些模式还存在着域外延伸的问题,如何合理有效处理这些问题对于中国而言将是一个持久性的挑战。

The development of the cyber age has given rise to a fifth space, cyberspace, and extended the theory of cyber sovereignty. Even though the cyber pioneers who first referred to this concept were essentially advocating the idea that cyberspace is independent of the real world, the broader view today is that Cyber Sovereignty is an extension of the traditional theory of sovereignty. Nowadays, in the era of data, the concept of data sovereignty has been born, and correspondingly, the doctrines denying this theory have come into being, while the representative ones include “Data Freedom Doctrine” and “Public Domain Doctrine”. However, these doctrines have theoretical errors, so the free flow of data cannot be allowed to go unregulated. Meanwhile, the theory of Data Sovereignty has both practical and jurisprudential bases, so it can be regarded as reasonable. At the same time, however, there are two typical types of practice models of different states in the practice of Data Sovereignty theory, but the current models have not been able to deal with the tension between security and industry development. What’s more, there is still the problem of extraterritorial extension. How to reasonably and effectively deal with these issues for China will be a persistent challenge.