云南乌蒙山国家级自然保护区毛竹林群落调查

An Inventory of Moso Bamboo ( Phyllostachys edulis)Natural Communities in Wumeng National NatureReserve of Yunnan Province

毛竹是刚竹属中国特有种,是竹类中秆形最高大的散生竹种,也是中国人工栽培最广的竹种和竹产业最主要的笋材原料,在国民经济建设和人民生活中发挥着重要的作用。但毛竹野生种群至今仅发现于云南省昭通市彝良县海子坪乡的湿性常绿阔叶林山地,是目前唯一发现的一片天然野生毛竹群落。由于毛竹野生种群携带重要性状的遗传多样性资源,对于人工毛竹经济性状改良和抗性选育均具有十分重要的科学价值。因此,保护好并深入调查研究毛竹野生种群的结构特征与演变趋势,对于毛竹新品种培育与人工林可持续发展都具有十分重要的理论价值与实践意义。首次对迄今唯一发现的野生毛竹群落进行了系统调查与分析,调查发现野生毛竹群落物种多样性十分丰富,伴生物种主要为地带性湿性常绿阔叶林的建群树种,且多为起源古老的木本蕨类—桫椤、木兰科、樟科、茶科和壳斗科等树种,显示了野生毛竹群落的古老性与原生性;目前林分秆龄结构严重老化,易导致毛竹单优势的退化,显示出向竹—木混交的湿性常绿阔叶林演化的趋势;最后在对海子坪天然毛竹林资源分析评价的基础上,提出对野生毛竹群落保护与复壮的对策建议。

Phyllostachys edulis,a species of the genus Phyllostachys endemic to China,grows the highest culm among the monopodial bamboo species.As the most extensively cultivated species,it provides the mainstay of raw materials for the bamboo industry and plays a crucial role in the national economy and people's livelihood.However,its natural populations were discovered only in the humid evergreen broadleaved forest in Haiziping Township of Yiliang County,Zhaotong City of Yunnan Province to date.In an effort to protect these unique Ph.edulis populations,Professor Xue Jiru,a renowned bamboo taxonomist,proposed to set up Haiziping Provincial Nature Reserve in the 1980s.In 2010,the reserve was merged with and upgraded to the Haiziping Subarea of Yunnan Wumeng Mountains National Nature Reserve,where 36 hectares of Ph.edulis natural populations are distributed,which is the only remaining natural bamboo communities ever discovered.Due to its important genetic traits and genetic diversity,it possesses very important value for research and utilization in the improvement of its economic properties and resistance selective breeding.Therefore,the conservation and in-depth investigation and research into the structural characteristics and evolutionary trends of Ph.edulis natural populations imply crucial theoretical and pragmatic importance for breeding new cultivars and maintaining sustainable bamboo plantations.This paper is the first report on the findings of the systematic inventories,analysis and summary of Ph.edulis natural populations.The scope of the inventories covers the structural characteristics and the species diversity of Ph.edulis natural communities,the natural regeneration and dynamics,the shoot yield,and the impact on the evolutionary trends of Ph.edulis natural communities.The results showed that the species diversity of Ph.edulis natural communities was very high,with the companions primarily of the constructive tree species in the zonal humid evergreen broadleaved forest,e.g.Alsophila spinulosa(a giant tree ferns with ancient origin),and species of the genera Magnolia,Lauraceae,Theaceae and Fagaceae,demonstrating the ancientness and primitiveness of Ph.edulis natural communities.Presently,culms of the bamboo stands were undergoing a severe aging process which would lead to the degradation of the monodominant communities,trigger the evolutionary trend toward the mixed bamboo tree humid evergreen broadleaved forest.Based on the assessment of Ph.edulis natural resources in Haiziping Subarea,we proposed some recommendations on the conservation and revitalization of Ph.edulis natural communities.