少数民族搬迁移民的时空重构与文化变迁——基于YQ社区的实证研究

Time-space Reconstruction and Cultural Changes of Ethnic Minority Relocation——Based on the Empirical Research of YQ Community

中国正在进入城镇化快速发展的时期,民族文化的变迁成为历史必然。在市场经济"推拉效应"的作用下,民族地区开启了城镇化历程。少数民族的城镇化方式主要有两种:一种是主动生成的民族城镇化,是不同民族成员适应社会、自我选择的结果;另一种是人为建构的民族城镇化,主要通过政策制定和推行创设少数民族进入城市的条件和环境。相比而言,后者对少数民族文化变迁的影响更具有彻底性,完全颠覆了他们世代延续的社会生产实践的时间节奏和空间秩序。从一个典型的城市少数民族搬迁移民社区——YQ社区"两次城镇化"的实践来看,体现出人为建构的城镇化时空特征,呈现少数民族文化变迁的急速性、剧烈性和复杂性,文化认同迷失感越来越强烈。为促进城市民族关系和谐,增强各民族文化自信,应当坚持中国特色社会主义先进文化在促进少数民族文化繁荣发展中的引领作用,提供政策上的有效引导和有力扶持,为实现中华民族伟大复兴凝聚起强大精神动力。

Ethnic culture is the sum of material culture and spiritual culture created by all members of an ethnic group.Within an ethnic group,ethnic culture is the fundamental force to unite ethnic consensus and promote ethnic development.Outside an ethnic group,ethnic culture is an important basis for identifying ethnic components and determining ethnic ownership.Therefore,the protection and development of ethnic culture is a basic right enjoyed by ethnic minorities.Any culture is the product of human social practice.Marxist concept of time and space holds that human social practice is the unity of time and space.Culture is the reflection of ethnic social production practice in time and space.The ethnic culture formed under specific time and space conditions reflects the unique cultural characteristics of the ethnic group.At the same time,as a kind of concept form,culture influences the change and development of ethnic society.With the change of time and space conditions of social production,social practice activities continue to develop,and the change of ethnic culture has become a historical necessity.At present,China is entering a period of rapid development of urbanization.Under the "push-pull effect" of market economy,more and more ethnic minorities move to cities to work or live in peace and become urban minorities.This not only makes the exchange and communication of urban ethnic cultures increasingly close,but also changes the space-time structure of ethnic cultures,seriously shaking the establishment of traditional society.This paper holds that there are mainly two ways of urbanization of ethnic minorities:one is the active generation of ethnic urbanization,which is the result of different ethnic members’ adaptation to society and self selection;the other is the artificially constructed ethnic urbanization,which mainly creates the conditions and environment for ethnic minorities to enter the city through policy formulation and implementation.In the former way,ethnic minority members are embedded into the social body of the city spontaneously in the form of individual or small groups,while the latter is the policy construction implemented by the state governors in order to achieve specific political goals.However,with the frequent exchanges among ethnic groups in cities and the complexity of ethnic relations,ethnic consciousness shows a trend of two-level differentiation,that is,the coexistence of unprecedented upsurge and excessive weakening.At this stage,these two situations are obviously not conducive to the development of harmonious and stable ethnic relations in China.Yunqiao community is a typical urban minority relocation and immigration community.From its formation process,it has experienced the process of "twice urbanization".The first is through the implementation of immigration and relocation policy in the form of indirect urbanization,moving from remote mountainous areas to urban suburbs,and the second is through the implementation of urbanization policy in the form of direct urbanization,from suburban villages to urban communities.Yunqiao community clearly reflects the spatiotemporal characteristics of urbanization constructed by human beings,in which policy factors play a crucial role.This paper analyzes the role of policy factors in the process of space-time reconstruction from rural areas to cities in Yunqiao community,and observes the changes of livelihood style,life style and spiritual culture of "nasupo"(a branch of Yi ethnic group),and explores what kind of space-time body these "nasupo" have in the transformation of traditional rural and modern urban space-time structures experience,how to understand their own traditional culture,and how to realize their own cultural choice,cultural practice and cultural consciousness under the game of various forces.Under the background of the rapid development of urbanization,the case study of Yunqiao community has a certain degree of universal value and significance.The "time and space contraction" and "time and space solidification" of ethnic culture brought about by policy construction lead to fragmentation of human identity and crisis of identity.In order to promote the harmony of urban ethnic relations and enhance the cultural self-confidence of all ethnic groups,we should adhere to the leading role of the advanced socialist culture with Chinese characteristics in promoting the prosperity and development of ethnic minority culture,and provide effective guidance and strong support in policy for ethnic traditional culture to seek habitat and regeneration path,so as to create a situation of harmony and diversity,coexistence and common prosperity of all ethnic cultures.