生存与发展关系的平衡与失衡——20世纪50年代粮食购销体制与农业合作化发展逻辑解读

Balancing and Imbalance in the Relationship between Survival and Development:Interpretation of the Development Logic of the Grain Purchase and Sales System and the Agricultural Cooperation in the 1950s

20世纪50年代中国农村粮食统购统销政策实施背后蕴含着生存与发展的内在逻辑关系。为解决生存问题,国家对农村粮食实施统购统销政策;为解决发展问题,必须推进国家工业化战略的实施。为避免生存与发展关系失衡,国家在实施粮食统购统销政策的同时,对农业生产经营实施农业生产合作化政策。农业合作化不仅能提高粮食产量,还能避免农村出现贫富分化。在农业合作化完成后,中共中央认为全民生存所需粮食问题已经解决,开始推进工业大发展。但在生存所需粮食问题没有得到真正解决的情况下,经济发展导向以发展逻辑替代生存逻辑,导致生存与发展关系出现失衡。

In the 1950s,the implementation of China's rural grain purchase and sales policy concealed an inherent logical relationship between survival and development.To address the issue of survival,the nation implemented a grain purchase and sales policy for rural areas.Simultaneously,to tackle developmental challenges,it was imperative to advance the implementation of the national industrialization strategy.To prevent the imbalance in the relationship between survival and development,the state,while implementing the grain purchase and sales policy,also initiated the policy of agricultural production cooperation.Agricultural cooperation emerged as a strategy not only to increase grain production but also to prevent the emergence of wealth disparities in rural areas.Following the completion of agricultural cooperation,the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China believed that the issue of providing the necessary grain for the survival of the entire population had been resolved.Subsequently,the focus shifted towards promoting extensive industrial development.However,in a situation where the problem of grain needed for survival had not been genuinely resolved,the orientation of economic development shifted towards a logic of growth,replacing the earlier logic of survival.This shift resulted in an imbalance in the relationship between survival and development.