俄语为母语的汉语学习者送气—不送气辅音的产出偏误研究

A STUDY ON PRODUCTION ERRORS IN THE LEARNING OF CHINESE ASPIRATED AND UNASPIRATED CONSONANTS BY RUSSIAN NATIVE SPEAKERS

辅音的送气性是二语者学习汉语语音的主要障碍之一。现有研究多关注日韩欧美的汉语学习者,其母语中的辅音多以清浊对立或松紧对立为主,而母语辅音中存在硬软对立特征的学习者习得汉语辅音送气特征的情况少有了解。本文考察了20位汉语水平不同的俄语背景学习者产出的共计6960个送气—不送气辅音。结果显示:(1)学习者对6对送气—不送气辅音的习得,不存在大的学习困难。(2)送气—不送气辅音的产出正确率随汉语水平提高而提高。(3)辅音/t/存在显著的腭化情况。

The aspiration of consonants is one of the main obstacles for second language learners learning Chinese pronunciation.Previous studies focus on Japanese,South Korean,European,and American learners of Chinese.In the native languages of these learners,consonants mainly contrasts in voicing or laxness and tenseness.However,there are few studies on the acquisition of Chinese aspirated and unaspirated consonants by Russian native speakers(whose native consonants have non-palatalized and palatalized contrasts).Based on this,this paper wants to answer three questions:(1)whether Russian learners have any special performance in acquiring Mandarin aspirated and unaspirated consonants compared to speakers of languages with voiced-voiceless(e.g.,English)and lax-tense(e.g.,Korean)contrasts?(2)In terms of production,is it difficult for Russian learners to learn all Mandarin aspirated and unaspirated consonants?(3)Will it be less difficult for Russian to acquire Mandarin aspirated and unaspirated consonants with their Chinese proficiency improved?Based on BLCU-SAIT Chinese interlanguage corpus,we examined a total of 6960 aspirated and unaspirated tokens produced by 20 Russian learners.Taking two years of learning Chinese as the dividing line,we divided the learners into high level and low level groups according to their Chinese proficiency.We calculated the error rates of aspirated and unaspirated consonants in each proficiency level group,and extracted two acoustic parameters of the errors in consonant/t/:the voice onset time and the following vowel's onset segment frequencies of F1,F2,and F3.In order to eliminate the differences between individual speakers,we also converted the onset segment frequencies of F1,F2,and F3 in Hertz to semitone values.By comparing whether there is a statistically significant difference in the production error rates of aspirated and unaspirated consonants between the two groups of learners and analyzing the two acoustic parameters in the articulation process,we found that(1)among the six pairs of aspirated and unaspirated consonants,/p/,/k/,/k^(h)/,/tɕ/,/ts/are not too difficult to acquire,while the fossilization tends to occur in the acquisition of/t/,/t^(h)/,/p^(h)/,/tɕ^(h)/,/ts^(h)/.(2)The error rate of aspirated and unaspirated consonant produced by Russian learners decreased significantly with the improvement of their Chinese proficiency level.(3)There is a significant palatalization of the consonant/t/when it is produced with the vowels starting with/i/due to the native spelling and reading rules.We hypothesize that if a consonant similar to a Chinese consonant exists in the learner's native language,and if the native consonant is palatalized when produced before the high vowel/i/,then the learner is also likely to produce this Chinese consonant palatalized before the finals starting with/i/.