个体道德与普遍政治秩序的一体化及其缺失——《大学》的政治哲学解读

The Unity of Individual Morality and Universal Political Order and Its Deficiencies:A Political Philosophical Interpretation of the Great Learning

《大学》以教为中心,建构了一个教化—道德—政治一体化的世界。朱熹以天理为中心,将教化—道德—政治的一体化理解为普遍本质于个体道德与普遍政治的贯穿与一致;王阳明则以仁心感通为基础,将教化—道德—政治的一体化理解为个体道德与普遍政治甚至天地万物的浑然整体。尽管阳明克服了朱熹进路中道德个体向政治整体跨越的认知间断,以及教化—道德—政治一体化生存的起点或根源问题,但究其根本,二者一样恪守着个体道德与政治秩序的一体性,缺失了世界及其秩序的自在性与自然性,人类社会自身的自在性,他者的差异性和道德、教化与政治的彼此分界、相对独立,最终使得隐逸生存的可能性完全丧失。

The Great Learning takes edification as the center and constructs an integrated world of edification-morality-politics.Zhu Xi(1130-1200)took the principle of Heaven as the center,and viewed the integration of edification-morality-politics as the universal nature’s penetration into and consistency with individual morality and universal politics;based on the resonation-empathy of the benevolent heart-mind,Wang Yangming(1472-1529)considered the integration of edification-morality-politics as the integration of individual morality and general politics,even including the whole world and everything.Although Wang Yangming overcame the cognitive gap in Zhu Xi’s approach from the moral individual to the political whole,and the issue of the starting point or root of the integration of edification-morality-politics,fundamentally,both of them adhered to the unity of individual morality and political order,thus showing the common deficiencies,i.e.,the freedom and naturalness of the world and its order,the freedom of human society itself,the difference of the others,the separation and relative independence of morality,education and politics,and the relative independence of each other,which ultimately put a complete end to the possibility of reclusive survival.