中国职业教育管理体制的变迁逻辑与绩效评价——基于历史制度主义的视角

Change Logic and Performance Evaluation of China’s Vocational Education Management System——Based on the Perspective of Historical Institutionalism

管理体制是职业教育治理体系和治理能力现代化的根本保障,是推动现代职业教育高质量发展的前提条件。新中国成立以来,职业教育管理体制经历了探索时期、剧变时期、恢复完善时期和深化改革时期的变迁历程,呈现出兼具断裂均衡和关键节点、路径依赖和渐进转型的混合模式。宏观上经济体制的引领、政治体制的完善、文化观念的影响,微观上产业结构转型升级、产教融合持续深化和个人需求发展变化成为形塑其变迁的重要推动力。通过对体制变迁带来的绩效进行分析发现,中国职业教育管理体制由“差序格局”向“团体格局”转变,促进管理部门的有效协同;由“集中统一”向“分级管理”转变,保持管理权责的合理张力;由“单一主体”向“多元主体”转变,激发不同主体的办学热情;由“封闭管理”向“开放管理”转变,提高管理的民主化水平。

The management system of vocational education is the fundamental guarantee for the modernization of the governance system and governance capacity of vocational education,and the prerequisite for promoting the high-quality development of modern vocational education.Since the founding of New China,the management system of vocational education has gone through the stages of change including the period of exploration,drastic change,restoration and improvement and deepening reform,and its changes have shown a mixed model with fracture equilibrium and key nodes,path dependence and gradual transformation.The guidance of the economic system,the improvement of the political system and the influence of cultural concepts on the macro level,and the transformation and upgrading of the industrial structure,the continuous deepening of the industry-education integration,and the development of individual needs on the micro level have become the important driving forces for shaping its changes.Through the analysis of the performance brought by the system change,it is found that China’s vocational management system has changed from“differential pattern”to“group pattern”,which promotes the effective coordination of management departments;from“centralization and unification”to“decentralization”,which maintains the reasonable tension of management authority and responsibility;from“single subject”to“multiple subjects”,which stimulates the enthusiasm of different subjects for running schools;from“closed management”to“open management”,which improves the level of democratization in management.