记录与保管:民间文学类非物质文化遗产保护探赜

Recording and Safeguarding: A Study on Safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage of Folk Literature

《保护非物质文化遗产公约》中的“建档”是非遗保护措施之一,其包含保存与展示之意,强调对非遗尤其是其资料形态进行有效的保存和确当的利用。这一保护措施在中国民间文学类非遗保护中主要呈现为记录与资料保管。记录在中国古代就是民间文学保存的重要方式,现代民间文学兴起之后,西方的文化遗产观念影响了中国对待民间文学的态度,但是无论学人还是国家层面,对其理解与吸纳都无法脱离传统的采风思想。在采风与文化遗产思想交融、杂糅中形成了民间文学的记录“以文学文本呈现为中心”的主导模式。对民间文学资料的保管则沿袭了“物”的保管思想,其为风俗博物馆、解放区展览会、民间文艺展览、表演整理及民间文学资料馆的延续,且以收藏或置于馆舍进行展示为主。“记录”和“保管”可以说是具有中国本土话语特色的非遗保护形式,但其对“讲述”“民俗场”的忽略,极大影响了民间文学类非遗的存续力。修正、改善这一问题不仅能够推动民间文学学术研究的发展,亦可形成具有中国本土特色的非遗保护话语,为世界非遗保护贡献中国智慧。

The“documentation”in the Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage is one of the measures for safeguarding intangible cultural heritage(ICH),which includes preservation and exhibition,emphasizing on the effective preservation and proper use of ICH.This protection measure is mainly presented as records and data storage in the protection of ICH of Chinese folk literature.Records is an important way to preserve folk literature in ancient China.After the rise of modern folk literature,western cultural heritage concepts influenced Chinese attitude towards folk literature.However,neither the scholastic nor the national level of it towards comprehension and absorption can be separated from the traditional ideas.In the integration and exchange of customs collection and cultural heritage ideas,the dominating mode of folk literature recording“centered on the presentation of literary texts”has been formed.The preservation of folk literature materials follows the preservation thought of“things”,which is the continuation of customs museum,exhibitions in the liberated area,folk art exhibitions,performance arrangement and archives of folk literature,and is mainly collected or placed in the museum for display.“Recording”and“safeguarding”can be said to be ICH protection forms with the characteristics of Chinese local discourse,but their neglect of“narrating”and“folk custom field”significantly affects the survival of ICH in folk literature.Revising and improving this problem can not only promote the development of academic research of folk literature,but also form an ICH protection discourse with Chinese local characteristics,and contribute Chinese wisdom to the protection of world ICH.