图像表征与礼乐内涵:古格故城遗址和拉达克古寺宣舞壁画研究

Image Characterization and Ritual Connotation:A Study on the Shon Dance Murals in Ancient City Ruins of Guge and Ladakh

宣舞是国家级非物质文化遗产,这一起源于我国西藏阿里的仪式歌舞已有千年历史并活态传承至今。学界多围绕当代传承考察其艺术特征,未有专文探讨相关壁画中宣舞图像构成,鲜有将其置于礼乐文明视野中展开研究。本文基于古格故城红殿、白殿以及与之毗邻地段的达巴宗遗址并兼及拉达克地区当嘎、宛喇两座古寺佛殿中的宣舞壁画遗存,结合田野考察进行年代追溯和图像表征分析,进而解读历史情境与文化内涵。研究发现,上述壁画所示宣舞具有“卍”字符的身体程式与舞容等鲜明特征,昭显象雄古风和古格新制的衔接,典型舞态是藏西先民具身化的呈现,具有丰富的历史意涵。从分布时空来看,作为藏西盛乐,宣舞壁画图像至迟出现于古格王国中后期,其绘制殿堂多为古格王国神圣礼仪空间。古格宣舞的宫廷雅乐形制隐现了阿里王统为强化其政教正统性和合法性,巧妙利用吐蕃血脉遗产以及华夏人和礼序的治政思想。多重证据表明:宣舞从古至今同宗同源、雅俗共赏并在古格与拉达克等地生息兴替,其有形身体图式记忆和无形乐制文化联动可为理解西藏西部自古作为中华民族共同体不可分割的有机统一体提供重要的知识基础。

Shon is a national intangible cultural heritage.As a type of ritual song and dance originated in mNga’ris of Tibet in China,it has been passed down for thousands of years up until present.This paper is based on the ruins of the red hall and white hall and the adjacent Daba Zong ruins in the ancient city of Guge,and the remains of Shon dance murals in the Buddhist halls of Brag mkhar and Wanla in Ladakh region,It also combines field work to conduct historical dating and image characterization analysis,and then interprets the historical situation and cultural connotation.The Shon dance shown in the above murals has distinctive features including the body shape of swastika and dance appearances,testifying the connection between the ancient Zhangzhung style and the new Guge style system.Typical dance form is the embodied presentation of the ancestors of western Tibet with rich historical implications.According to the spatial and temporal distribution of the images,the Shon mural images appeared the latest in middle and late Guge Kingdom period.This paper points out that the halls painted with Shon dance symbolizes the most sacred ceremonial space of the Kingdom of Guge,suggesting that in order to strengthen the legitimacy of its politics and religion,the kingship of Guge deliberately utilized the sacred Tubo blood heritage and its thoughts of governing.Multiple evidences indicate that from ancient times to the present,Shon has enjoyed the same origin,refined and popular customs and prospered in Guge and Ladakh and other places.Its cultural and physical memory and intangible music system can provide an important knowledge basis for understanding western Tibet as an inseparable organic unity of the Chinese national community since ancient times.