从传统社区到网络社群:少数民族非遗传承场域变迁

From Traditional Community to Online Community:the Change of Inheritance Field of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Ethnic Groups

在城镇化和现代化的双重影响下,少数民族原有社会结构和生产生活模式都发生了很大变化,因而非遗依托原有社区和传承人的传承模式遭遇挑战,传承面临较大困难。但随着新媒体的蓬勃发展,网络社群的兴起为少数民族非遗传承带来了新的助力。网络社群是否能部分替代传统社区的功能、成长为一个新的传承场域,这个传承场域又具有什么样的特征?本文以裕固族为个案,通过网络民族志和深度访谈发现,网络社群作为人群聚集地、准公共领域和传承的实践场,在一定程度上实现了非遗传承场域的变迁,它部分地补偿了传统社区传承能力的不足。在多重传承场域网络中,网络社群处于中心联络场位置;在网络社群内部,多元的场域行动者共同组成了“传承共同体”;而民族知识精英在网络社群中起到意见领袖作用。网络社群促进了民众参与,然而它更适合传承精神与观念而不是具体的技艺等。网络社群在场域变迁后发挥了相当大的积极作用,但场域变迁后的不利因素也亟待重视,要将网络社群中的碎片化传播转化为持久传承还任重而道远。

Under the dual influence of urbanization and modernization,the original social structure and production and living mode of ethnic groups have undergone great changes.Therefore,the inheritance mode of intangible cultural heritage relying on the original communities and inheritors faces significant difficulties.However,with the rapid development of new media,the emergence of online community has brought a new impetus for the inheritance of intangible cultural heritage of ethnic groups.Can online communities partially replace the function of traditional community and grow into a new inheritance field?What are the characteristics of this inheritance field?Taking ethnic Yugur as a case,through online ethnography and in-depth interviews,this article finds that online communities,as a gathering place,and quasi public sphere for people to gather,and practice field for inheritance,has fulfilled the transformation into cultural heritage inheritance field now to a certain extent.It partially compensates for the lack of the inheritance ability of traditional communities.In the multiple inheritance field networks,the online community is in the central contact field position.Within the online community,the multiple field actors jointly form the“inheritance community”.The ethnic intellectual elites play the role of opinion leader in the online community.Online communities promote public participation,but it is more suitable for the inheriting spirit and ideas rather than specific skills.The online community has played a significant positive role after the field change.However,the adverse factors after the field change also need to be paid attention immediately.There is still a long way to go to transform the fragmented communication in the online community into sustainable inheritance.