多民族国家国家整合的逻辑

The Logic of the National Integration of Country with Multi-ethnic Groups

多民族国家是一种以国家的民族构成而界定的国家类型,与按国家形态演进而界定的民族国家有很大的不同。不论是民族国家还是被它取代的王朝国家,都有可能由于国家的民族构成而被界定为多民族国家。多民族国家存在着多个民族群体,各个民族群体间又存在着难以消除的张力,所以必然面临如何将多个民族群体整合于一个国家政治体系的问题,即多民族国家特有的"一"与"多"的关系问题。面对这样的情况,多民族国家必须运用国家权力将多个民族维系于统一的国家框架之中,于是便形成了具有特定内涵的国家整合。这样的国家整合也成了多民族国家维持自身存在的基本机制。在国家形态演进中前后相衔的王朝国家和民族国家,国家整合的方式存在很大差别,但是,皆受到国家权力配置方式、国内的族际关系和族际伦理以及国家伦理的深刻影响。多民族国家的国家整合往往着眼于制度政策层面,但相关的探索和实践表明,从社会心理层面解决问题更具根本性,于是多民族国家的国家整合中既存在表层逻辑又存在底层逻辑的双层结构问题凸显了出来。只有将两个层面的解决方案结合起来,尤其是充分发挥底层逻辑解决方案对表层逻辑解决方案的规制作用,才能找到国家整合的最佳方式,从而有效地维护多民族国家的统一和完整。

Multi-ethnic country is a type of country defined by the ethnic composition of the country,which is very different from the nation-state defined by the evolution of the state form.Both the nation-state and the dynastic state it replaced were likely to be defined as multi-ethnic country due to the ethnic composition of the state.Multi-ethnic country boasts multiple ethnic groups and there are indelible tension among different ethnic groups.Thus it will inevitably face the problem of how to integrate multiple ethnic groups into a national political system.Addressing such a situation,multi-ethnic countries must use national power to maintain multiple ethnicity in a unified national framework,and thus forms a national integration with specific connotation.Such national integration has also become the basic mechanism for multi-ethnic country to maintain their own existence.There are significant differences between the integration of the dynasty and the states in the evolution of national form.However,they are deeply influenced by the pattern of national power allocation,domestic ethnic relations and ethnic ethics and national ethics.National integration of multi-ethnic countries often focuses on the institutional policy level but relevant exploration and practice show that it is more fundamental to solve problems from the social-psychological level.Therefore,the double structure of both surface logic and underlying logic in the national integration of multi-ethnic countries is highlighted.Only by combining the solution at two levels,and in particular by regulating the underlying logic solution on the surface logic solutions,can we find the best way for national integration to effectively maintain the unity of multi-ethnic countries.